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7. APPENDICES

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7.1	Appendix A: Forest
7.1.1	Biomass equations
7.1.2	Factors to convert tree biomass to carbon (kg)
7.1.3	Constants for decomposition and mortality used in woody debris dynamics
7.1.4	Snag densities
7.1.5	Wood densities for selected tree species
7.2	Appindix B : Products CORRIM
7.3	Appindix D: Economic analysis (Based on Kevin Zobrist model for the PNW)
Tables	Revenues and Costs Rotation Case Revenues and Costs Intensity Case Cash Flow Rotation Case Cash Flow Intensity Case Net Present Value (5% discount rate

7.1 APPENDIX A: FOREST

7.1.1 Biomass equations

Each component has species-specific equations and coefficients to accomplish the computations. The following defines the known species, equation used, and respective coefficients.

Equation 1: Biomass = exp( b0 ) * (dbh b1)
Equation 2: Biomass = b0 + b1 * (d2 * ht/100)
Equation 3: Biomass = b0 + b1 * (d2 * ht/100) - b2 * (d2 * ht/100)2

Species = Equation number, b0, b1, b2

Foliage Biomass
Big Leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum)	=	1, -3.7650, 1.6170, 0.0000
Grand Fir (Abis grandis)	=	1, -2.8462, 1.7009, 0.0000
Red Alder (Alnus rubra)	=	2, 0.5124, 0.1298, 0.0000
Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)	=	1, -4.1300, 2.1280, 0.0000
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	=	1, -2.8462, 1.7009, 0.0000
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)	=	1, -2.8462, 1.7009, 0.0000

Litter fall Biomass
Big Leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum)	=	1, -2.1160, 1.0920, 0.0000
Grand Fir (Abis grandis)	=	1, -3.5290, 1.7503, 0.0000
Red Alder (Alnus rubra)	=	1, -2.1160, 1.0920, 0.0000
Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)	=	1, -2.4090, 1.3120, 0.0000
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	=	1, -3.5290, 1.7503, 0.0000
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)	=	1, -3.5290, 1.7503, 0.0000

Root Biomass
Big Leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum)	=	1, -3.4930, 2.7230, 0.0000
Grand Fir (Abis grandis)	=	1, -4.6961, 2.6929, 0.0000
Red Alder (Alnus rubra)	=	3, 0.1000, 0.4800, 0.0005
Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)	=	1, -4.6961, 2.6929, 0.0000
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	=	1, -4.6961, 2.6929, 0.0000
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)	=	1, -4.6961, 2.6929, 0.0000

Live Branch Biomass
Big Leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum)	=	1, -4.2360, 2.4300, 0.0000
Grand Fir (Abis grandis)	=	1, -3.6941, 2.1382, 0.0000
Red Alder (Alnus rubra)	=	1, -4.2360, 2.4300, 0.0000
Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)	=	1, -5.1490, 2.7780, 0.0000
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	=	1, -3.6941, 2.1382, 0.0000
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)	=	1, -3.2661, 2.0877, 0.0000

Stem Biomass
Big Leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum)	=	1, -3.4930, 2.7230, 0.0000
Grand Fir (Abis grandis)	=	1, -3.0396, 2.5951, 0.0000
Red Alder (Alnus rubra)	=	3, 0.0200, 1.6000, 0.0005
Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)	=	1, -2.1720, 2.2570, 0.0000
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	=	1, -3.0396, 2.5951, 0.0000
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)	=	1, -4.1934, 2.1101, 0.0000

Bark Biomass
Big Leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum)	=	1, -4.5740, 2.5740, 0.0000
Grand Fir (Abis grandis)	=	1, -4.3103, 2.4300, 0.0000
Red Alder (Alnus rubra)	=	1, -4.5740, 2.5740, 0.0000
Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)	=	1, -4.3730, 2.2580, 0.0000
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)	=	1, -4.3103, 2.4300, 0.0000
Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)	=	1, -4.3103, 2.4300, 0.0000

From: Gholz, H.L., C.C. Grier, A.G. Campbell, and A.T.Brown. 1979. Equations for estimating biomass and leaf area of plants in the Pacific Northwest. Forest Research Lab, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

7.1.2. Factors to convert tree biomass to carbon (kg)

Region	Forest Type	Softwood	Hardwood

Rocky Mountainand Pacific Coast	Douglas-fir	0.512	0.496
Rocky Mountainand Pacific Coast	Ponderosa Pine	0.512	0.496
	Fir-Spruce	0.512	0.496
	Hemlock-Sitka Spruce	0.512	0.496
	Lodgepole pine	0.512	0.496
	Larch	0.512	0.496
	Redwoods	0.512	0.496
	Hardwoods	0.512	0.496
From: Birdsay, R.A. 1992. Carbon storage and accumulation on United States forest ecosystems. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. WO-59.

7.1.3 Constants for decomposition and mortality used in woody debris dynamics

Forest Type	Decomposition	Mortality

Douglas-fir	0.018	0.005
Ponderosa Pine	0.015	0.005
Fir-Spruce	0.024	0.005
Hemlock-Sitka Spruce	0.029	0.006
Lodgepole pine	0.036	0.0045
Redwoods	0.012	0.0021
Hardwoods	0.067	0.006
From: Harmon, M. 1993. Woody debris budgets for selected forest types in the U.S. Pages 151-178 in D.P Turner, J.J Lee, G.J Koerper, and J.R. Barker editors. The forest sectorcarbon budget of the United States: carbon pools and flux ender alternative policy options.EPA/600/3-93/093. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

7.1.4 Snag densities

(density in grams of dry mass per cubic centimeter of green volume)
Decay Class	Douglas Fir	Western Hemlock

I	0.390	0. 383
II	0.369	0.319
III	0. 221	0.230
IV	0.166	0.172
V	0.127	0.127
From: Spies, T.A.,J.F. Franklin, and T.B. Thomas. 1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology 69:1689-1702.

7.1.5 Wood densities for selected tree species

Coastal Douglas fir	0.45
Interior Douglas fir	0.46
Western hemlock	0.42
Pacific silver fir	0.40
Western red cedar	0.32
Red alder	0.37
From : Hartman, D.A., W. A. Atkinson, B.S. Bryant and R.O Woodfin. 1976. Conversion factors for the Pacific Northwest forest industry; Converting forest growth to forest products. Institute of Forest Products, Seattle, Washington.

7.2 Appendix B : Products CORRIM

Summary mill data for wood component

Exported results from SimaPro LCI for raw materials from the production of one Mbf of planed dry lumber

Exported results from SimaPro LCI for air emissions from the production of one Mbf of planed dry lumber

7.3 Appendix D : Economic analysis

Based on Kevin Zobrist model for the Pacific Northwest

Codes:	1	2	3	4	5
Codes:	Plant	Veg	PCT	CT	CC

REVENUES AND COSTS ROTATION CASE

		2010	2025	2035	2055	2075	2085	2115	1995
120 year	Revenue	($44)	$1,211		$4,771		$7,747	$29,294
	Log cost		$907		$1,539		$2,050	$6,333
	Stumpage		$304		$3,233		$5,697	$22,961
	Net	($62)	$304		$3,233		$5,697	$22,961	($263)
	Code	3	4		4		4	5	1
40 base	Revenue	($56)		$10,291
	Log cost			$3,983
	Stumpage			$6,309
	Net	($62)		$6,309					($263)
	Code	3		5					1
80 year	Revenue	($56)	$1,198		$4,835	$20,761
	Log cost		$907		$1,539	$4,726
	Stumpage		$290		$3,296	$16,035
	Net	($62)	$290		$3,296	$16,035			($263)
	Code	3	4		4	5			1

REVENUES AND COSTS INTENSITY CASE

		2010	2025	2035	2040	2045	1995
40 base	Revenue	($56)		$10,291
	Log cost			$3,983
	Stumpage			$6,309
	Net	($62)		$6,309			($263)
	Code	3		5			1
40 high	Revenue	($30)	$1,398	$9,019
	Log cost		$1,027	$3,186
	Stumpage		$371	$5,833
	Net	($62)	$371	$5,833			($263)
	Code	3	4	5			1
50 high	Revenue	($30)	$1,356			$12,963
	Log cost		$1,027			$3,732
	Stumpage		$329			$9,231
	Net	($62)	$329			$9,231	($263)
	Code	3	4			5	1

CASH FLOW ROTATION CASE

Stand		2010	2025	2035	2055	2075	2085	2115	1995
120 year	SEV Start								1995
	SEV End							2115
	Cash Flow	($62)	$304		$3,233		$5,697	$22,961	($263)
	Future	($10,463)	$24,535		$60,382		$24,624	$22,961	($91,882)

40 base	SEV Start								1995
	SEV End			2035
	Cash Flow	($62)		$6,309					($263)
	Future	($211)		$6,309					($1,854)

80 year	SEV Start								1995
	SEV End					2075
	Cash Flow	($62)	$290		$3,296	$16,035			($263)
	Future	($1,486)	$3,330		$8,746	$16,035			($13,052)

CASH FLOW INTENSITY CASE

Stand		2010	2025	2035	2040	2045	1995
40 base	SEV Start						1995
	SEV End			2035
	Cash Flow	($62)		$6,309			($263.34)
	Future	($211)		$6,309			($1,853.91)

40 high	SEV Start						1995
	SEV End			2035
	Cash Flow	($62)	$371	$5,833			($263)
	Future	($211)	$604	$5,833			($1,854)

50 high	SEV Start						1995
	SEV End					2045
	Cash Flow	($62)	$329			$9,231	($263)
	Future	($344)	$874			$9,231	($3,020)

NET PRESENT VALUE (5 % discount rate)

Stand	SEV	Stand	SEV
120	($153)	40 base	$463
40	$463	40 high	$484
80	$39	50 high	$404

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