Topic Areas:
- Landscape management for biodiversity and wildlife responses
- Spatial forest management reviews & concepts -under multiple objectives
- Spatial forest management, optimization methods, harvest scheduling with wildlife constraints and case studies
- Old-forest characteristics
- The 1996 landmark - Washington Forest Landscape Management Project
1. Landscape management for biodiversity and wildlife responses
Abbott, R. S., J. D. White, et al. (1999). "The Benefits and Challenges of Large-scale Silvicultural Experiments: Perspectives from Forest Managers on the Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options(DEMO) Study." Northwest Science 73: 118-125.
Acker, S. A., T. E. Sabin, et al. (1998). "Development of old-growth structure and timber volume growth trends in maturing Douglas-fir stands." Forest Ecology and Management 104(1): 265-280.
Adams, W. T., S. Hobbs, et al. (2005). "Intensively managed forest plantations in the Pacific Northwest: Introduction." Journal of Forestry: 59.
Adams, W. T., J. Zuo, et al. (1998). "Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal Douglas-fir." Forest Science 44(3): 390-396.
Agee, J. K. (1991). "Fire history of Douglas-fir forests in the Pacific Northwest." Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Gen. Tech. Report PNW-GTR-285: 25-33.
Agee, J. K. (1996). Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests, Island Press.
Allen, A. W., W. Energy, et al. (1983). Habitat Suitability Index Models: Southern Red-backed Vole (western United States), Western Energy and Land Use Team, Division of Biological Services, Research and Development, Fish and Wildlife Service, US Dept. of the Interior.
Allen, C.D., Savage, M., Falk, D.A., Suckling, K.F., Swetnam, T.W., Schulke, T., Stacey, P.B., Morgan, P., Hoffman, M., Klingel, J.T., 2002. "Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: a broad perspective. " Ecological applications 12, 1418-1433.
Amaranthus, M. P., D. DeBell, et al. (1993). Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options (D.E.M.O.): A cooperative effort between NFS and research in the Pacific Northwest. SE-GTR 88 USDA Forest Service Southern Experiment Station.
Anderson, P.D., 2007. "Understory vegetation responses to initial thinning of Douglas-fir plantations undergoing conversion to uneven-age management" In: Deal, R.L. (Ed.), Integrated restoration of forested ecosystems to achieve multiresource benefits: proceedings of the 2007 national silviculture workshop. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-733, Ketchikan, AK.
Andren, H. (1992). "Corvid Density and Nest Predation in Relation to Forest Fragmentation: A Landscape Perspective." Ecology 73(3): 794-804.
Andren, H. (1994). "Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Birds and Mammals in Landscapes with Different Proportions of Suitable Habitat: A Review." Oikos 71(3): 355-366.
Andren, H. (1996). "Population Responses to Habitat Fragmentation: Statistical Power and the Random Sample Hypothesis." Oikos 76(2): 235-242.
Andren, H. (1999). "Habitat Fragmentation, the Random Sample Hypothesis and Critical Thresholds." Oikos 84(2): 306-308.
Andrén, H. (1997). "Habitat fragmentation and changes in biodiversity." Ecological Bulletins 46: 171-181.
Andren, H. and P. Angelstam (1988). "Elevated Predation Rates as an Edge Effect in Habitat Islands: Experimental Evidence." Ecology 69(2): 544-547.
Andren, H. and A. Delin (1994). "Habitat Selection in the Eurasian Red Squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris, in Relation to Forest Fragmentation." Oikos 70(1): 43-48.
Andrews, L. S. and J. P. Perkins (2005). "Silvicultural approaches to develop northern spotted owl nesting sites, Central Coast ranges, Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 20(1): 13-27.
Arno, S.F., Fiedler, C.E., 2005 Mimicking Nature's fire: restoring fire-prone forests in the West. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Askins, R. A. and M. J. Philbrick (1987). "Effect of changes in regional forest abundance on the decline and recovery of a forest bird community." Wilson Bulletin 99(1): 7-21.
Askins, R. A., M. J. Philbrick, et al. (1987). "Relationship between the regional abundance of forest and the composition of forest bird communities." Biological Conservation 39(2): 129-152.
Aubry, K. B. (2007). "Changing Perceptions of the Role of Managed Forests as Wildlife Habitat in the Pacific Northwest." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 3.
Aubry, K. B., M. P. Amaranthus, et al. (1999). "Evaluating the Effects of Varying Levels and Patterns of Green-tree Retention: Experimental Design of the DEMO Study." Northwest Science 73: 12-26.
Aubry, K. B., C. B. Halpern, et al. (2004). "Ecological effects of variable-retention harvests in the northwestern United States: the DEMO study." Forest Snow and Landscape Research 78(1/2): 119-137.
Bailey, J. D., C. Mayrsohn, et al. (1998). "Understory Vegetation In Old And Young Douglas-R Forests Of Western Oregon." Forest Ecology and Management 112, 289-302.
Bailey, J. D. and J. C. Tappeiner (1998). "Effects Of Thinning On Structural Development In 40-To 100-Year-Old Douglas-Fir Stands In Western Oregon." Forest Ecology and Management 108, 99-113.
Bailey, S. (2007). "Increasing connectivity in fragmented landscapes: an investigation of evidence for biodiversity gain in woodlands. " Forest Ecology and Management 238, 7-23.
Baker, P. J. and J. S. Wilson (2000). "A quantitative technique for the identification of canopy stratification in tropical and temperate forests." Forest Ecology and Management 127(1-3): 77-86.
Baker, S.C., Barmuta, L.A., McQuillan, P.B., Richardson, A.M.M., (2007). "Estimating edge effects on ground-dwelling beetles at clearfelled non-riparian stand edges in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest. " Forest Ecology and Management 239, 92-101.
Barbour, R. J., S. Johnston, et al. (1997). "Simulated stand characteristics and wood product yields from Douglas-fir plantations managed for ecosystem objectives. " Forest Ecology and Management 91(2): 205-219.
Barg, A. K. and D. P. Hanley (2001). Silvicultural Alternatives: Variable Retention Harvests in Forest Ecosystems of Western Washington: a Guide for Forest Landowners, Cooperative Extension, Washington State University.
Battaglia, M.A., Mou, P., Palik, B., Mitchell, R.J. (2002). "The effect of spatially variable overstory on the understory light environment of an open-canopied longleaf pine forest". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 1-8.
Bayne, E. M. and K. A. Hobson (1997). "Comparing the Effects of Landscape Fragmentation by Forestry and Agriculture on Predation of Artificial Nests." Conservation Biology 11(6): 1418-1429.
Bayne, E. M. and K. A. Hobson (1998). "The effects of habitat fragmentation by forestry and agriculture on the abundance of small mammals in the southern boreal mixedwood forest." Can. J. Zool 76(1): 62–69.
Bebber, D. P., S. C. Thomas, W. G. Cole, and D. Balsillie. 2004. "Diameter increment in mature eastern white pine Pinus strobus L. following partial harvest of old-growth stands in Ontario", Canada. Trees 18:29–34.
Beese, W. J. and A. A. Bryant (1999). "Effect of alternative silvicultural systems on vegetation and bird communities in coastal montane forests of British Columbia, Canada." Forest Ecology and Management 115(2): 231-242.
Beggs, L. R., K. J. Puettmann, et al. (2005). "Vegetation Response to Alternative Thinning Treatments in Young Douglas-fir Stands." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 635: 243.
Begon, M., C. R. Townsend, et al. (2003). Ecology: individuals, populations and communities, Blackwell Science.
Bender, D. J., T. A. Contreras, et al. (1998). "Habitat Loss and Population Decline: A Meta-Analysis of the Patch Size Effect." Ecology 79(2): 517-533.
Berg, D. R., T. K. Brown, et al. (1996). "Silvicultural systems design with emphasis on the forest canopy." Northwest Science 70: 31-36.
Berryman, S. D., R. T. Fahey, et al. (2005). "Characterizing understory vegetation response to variable density thinnings in young Dougls-fir forests of western Oregon." Balancing Ecosystem Values: Innovative Experiments for Sustainable Forestry, Portland, OR. available at: http://ocid. nacse. org/nbii/density/pdfFiles/PosterA_Characterizing_understory _veg_response. pdf.
Bevers, M. and J. Hof (1999). "Spatially optimizing wildlife habitat edge effects in forest management linear and mixed-integer programs." Forest science 45(2): 249-258.
Bible, K. J. (2001). Long-term patterns of Douglas-fir and western hemlock mortality in the western Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, University of Washington.
Bladon, K. D., V. J. Lieffers, U. Silins, S. M. Lanhausser, and P. V. Blenis. (2008). "Elevated mortality of residual trees following structural retention harvesting in boreal mixedwoods. " Forestry Chronicle 84:70–75.
Bond, B. J. and J. F. Franklin (2002). "Aging in Pacific Northwest forests: a selection of recent research." Tree Physiology 22(2): 73-76.
Bormann, F. H. and G. E. Likens (1994). Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem: Disturbance, Development and the Steady State Based on the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study, Springer-Verlag.
Bottorff, J. (2007). "Wildlife habitat management practices on private non-industrial forestlands." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 62-64.
Boulinier, T., J. D. Nichols, et al. (2001). "Forest Fragmentation and Bird Community Dynamics: Inference at Regional Scales." Ecology 82(4): 1159-1169.
Boutin, S. and D. Hebert (2002). "Landscape Ecology and Forest Management: Developing an Effective Partnership." Ecological Applications 12(2): 390-397.
Bragg, D.C., Shelton, M.G., Guldin, J.M., (2008). "Restoring old-growth southern pine ecosystems: strategic lessons from long-term silvicultural research. " In: Deal, R.L. (Ed.), Integrated restoration of forested ecosystems to achieve multiresource benefits: proceedings of the 2007 National Silviculture Workshop. PNW-GTR-733. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
Brandeis, T. J., M. Newton, et al. (2001). "Underplanted conifer seedling survival and growth in thinned Douglas-fir stands." Can. J. For. Res 31: 302-312.
Brockway, D.G., Outcalt, K.W., Guldin, J.M., Boyer, W.D., Walker, J.L., Rudolph, D.C., Rummer, R.B., Barnett, J.P., Jose, S., Nowak, J., (2002). "Uneven-aged management of longleaf pine forests: a scientist and manager dialogue. " USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SRS-78, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC.
Brodie, A., M. Bowering, et al. (2007). "Combining management goals of wildlife habitat conservation and revenue on Washington state trusts." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 67-80.
Brosofske, K.D., Chen, J., Naiman, R.J., Franklin, J.F., (1997). "Harvesting effects of microclimatic gradients from small streams to uplands in western Washington. " Ecological applications 7, 1188-1200.
Bull, E.L., Blumton, A.K., (1999). "Effect of fuels reduction on American martens and their prey. " In. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. PNW-RN-539, Portland, OR.
Bull, E.L., Clark, A.A., Shepherd, J.F., 2005. "Short-term effects of fuel reduction on pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon- a pilot study".. In. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Res. Pap. PNW-RP-564. Portland, OR.
Bunnell, F. L. and L. L. Kremsater (1990). "Sustaining wildlife in managed forests." Northwest Environmental Journal 6(2): 243-269.
Bunnell, F. L., L. L. Kremsater, et al. (1999). "Managing to sustain vertebrate richness in forests of the Pacific Northwest: relationships within stands." Environmental Reviews 7(3): 97-146.
Burkey, T. V. (1989). "Extinction in Nature Reserves: The Effect of Fragmentation and the Importance of Migration between Reserve Fragments." Oikos 55(1): 75-81.
Busing, R. T. and S. L. Garman (2002). "Promoting old-growth characteristics and long-term wood production in Douglas-fir forests." Forest Ecology and Management 160(1): 161-175.
Carey, A. B. (1995). "Sciurids in Pacific Northwest Managed and Old-Growth Forests." Ecological Applications 5(3): 648-661.
Carey, A. B. (1996). "Interactions of northwest forest canopies and arboreal mammals." Northwest Science 70: 72-79.
Carey, A. B. (1998). "Ecological Foundations of Biodiversity: Lessons from Natural and Managed Forests of the Pacific Northwest." Northwest Science 72(2): 127-133.
Carey, A. B. (1999). Ecological Scale and Forest Development: Squirrels, Dietary Fungi, and Vascular Plants in Managed and Unmanaged Forests, Wildlife Society.
Carey, A. B. (2000). "Effects of New Forest Management Strategies on Squirrel Populations." Ecological Applications 10(1): 248-257.
Carey, A. B. (2003). "Restoration of landscape function: reserves or active management?" Forestry 76(2): 221.
Carey, A.B., (2003). "Biocomplexity and restoration of biodiversity in temperate coniferous forest: inducing spatial heterogeneity with variable-density thinning. " Forestry 76, 127-136.
Carey, A. B. and R. O. Curtis (1996). "Conservation of Biodiversity: A Useful Paradigm for Forest Ecosystem Management." Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(4): 610-620.
Carey, A. B. and W. Dept. of Fish and (1996). Washington Forest Landscape Management Project: A Pragmatic, Ecological Approach to Small-landscape Management: Report No. 2, Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources, Washington Forest Landscape Management Project.
Carey, A. B. and J. D. Gill (1983). "Direct habitat improvements—some recent advances." Snag Habitat Management: Proceedings of a Symposium. General Technical Report RM-99. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO; 80–87.
Carey, A. B., S. P. Horton, et al. (1992). "Northern Spotted Owls: Influence of Prey Base and Landscape Character." Ecological Monographs 62(2): 223-250.
Carey, A. B. and M. L. Johnson (1995). "Small Mammals in Managed, Naturally Young, and Old-Growth Forests." Ecological Applications 5(2): 336-352.
Carey, A. B., B. R. Lippke, et al. (1999). "Intentional systems management: managing forests for biodiversity." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 9(3/4): 83-125.
Carey, A. B. and H. R. Sanderson (1981). "Routing to Accelerate Tree-Cavity Formation." Wildlife Society Bulletin 9(1): 14-21.
Carey, A. B., D. R. Thysell, et al. (1999). The Forest Ecosystem Study Background, Rationale, Implementation, Baseline Conditions, and Silvicultural Assessment, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Carey, A. B. and S. M. Wilson (2001). "Induced Spatial Heterogeneity in Forest Canopies: Responses of Small Mammals." The Journal of Wildlife Management 65(4): 1014-1027.
Ceder, K. R. (2002). Using Silviculture to Sustain Wildlife Habitat: Assessing Changes and Trade-offs in Forest Habitats Using a Habitat Evaluation Procedure within the Landscape Management System. College of Forest Resources. Master of Science: 76. Seattle, WA, University of Washington.
Ceder, K. R. and J. M. Marzluff (2002). Linking tools of forest and wildlife managers: Wildlife habitat evaluation using the Landscape Management System. Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) Conference, Fort Collins, CO, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
Chambers, C. L., R. Carrigan, et al. (1997). "Use of artificially created Douglas-fir snags by cavity-nesting birds. West." J. Appl. For 12: 93-97.
Chambers, C. L., W. C. McComb, et al. (1999). "Breeding Bird Responses to Three Silvicultural Treatments in the Oregon Coast Range." Ecological Applications 9(1): 171-185.
Chan, S.S., Larson, D.J., Maas-Hebner, K.G., Emmingham, W.H., Johnston, S.R., Mikowski, D.A., (2006). "Overstory and understory development in thinned and underplanted Oregon Coast Range Douglas-fir stands. " Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, 2696-2711.
Chapin, T. G., D. J. Harrison, et al. (1998). "Influence of Landscape Pattern on Habitat Use by American Marten in an Industrial Forest." Conservation Biology 12(6): 1327-1337.
Chen, J. (1991). Edge effects: microclimatic pattern and biological responses in old-growth Douglas-fir forests, University of Washington.
Chen, J., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1996). "Comparison of Abiotic and Structurally Defined Patch Patterns in a Hypothetical Forest Landscape." Conservation Biology 10(3): 854-862.
Chen, J., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1990). "Microclimatic pattern and basic biological responses at the clearcut edges of old-growth Douglas-fir stands." Northwest Environmental Journal 6: 424-425.
Chen, J., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1992). "Vegetation Responses to Edge Environments in Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests." Ecological Applications 2(4): 387-396.
Churchill, D. J. (2005). Factors Influencing Understory Douglas-fir Vigor in Multi-Cohort Prairie Colonization Stands at Fort Lewis, Washington. College of Forest Resources. Master of Science: 62. Seattle, WA, University of Washington.
Cissel, J. H., J. S. Frederick, G. E. Grant, D. H. Olson, S. V. Gregory, S. L. Garman, L. R. Ashkenas, M. G. Hunter, J. A. JKertis, J. H. Mayo, M. D. McSwain, S. G. Swetland, K. A. Swindle and D. O. Wallin (1998). A Landscape Plan Based on Historical Fire Regimes for a Managed Forest Ecosystem: The Augusta Creek Study. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-422, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Cissel, J. H., F. J. Swanson and P. J. Weisberg (1999). "Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon." Ecological Applications 9: 1217-1231.
Cline, E.T., Ammirati, J.F., Edmonds, R.F., (2005). "Does proximity to mature trees influence ectomycorrhizal fungus communities of Douglas-fir seedlings? " New Phytologist 166, 993-1009.
Collingham, Y. C. and B. Huntley (2000). "Impacts of Habitat Fragmentation and Patch Size upon Migration Rates." Ecological Applications 10(1): 131-144.
Commission on Old Growth Alternatives. (1989). Final Report submitted to the Washington Department of Natural Resources. Olympia, WA. 40pp. plus appendices.
Conner, R. N., D. C. Rudolph, et al. (1996). "Red-cockaded woodpecker nesting success, forest structure, and southern flying squirrels in Texas." Wilson Bulletin 108(4): 697-711.
Conner, R. N., D. Saenz, et al. (1998). "Red-cockaded woodpecker nest-cavity selection: Relationships with cavity age and resin production." Auk 115(2): 447-454.
Copeyon, C. K. (1990). "A Technique for Constructing Cavities for the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker." Wildlife Society Bulletin 18(3): 303-311.
Curtis, R. O. (1982). "A Simple Index of Stand Density for Douglas-fir." Forest Science 28(1): 92-94.
Curtis, R. O. (1997). "The role of extended rotations." Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century. Island Press, Washington, DC: 165–170.
Curtis, R. O. (1998). "" Selective Cutting" in Douglas-Fir: History Revisited." Journal of Forestry 96(7): 40-46.
Curtis, R. O. and A. B. Carey (1996). "Timber supply in the Pacific Northwest: managing for economic and ecological values in Douglas-fir forests." Journal of Forestry 94(9): 4-7.
Curtis, R. O., D. S. DeBell, et al. (1998). "Silviculture for multiple objectives in the Douglas-fir region. " USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-435 123.
Curtis, R. O., D. S. DeBell, et al. (2007). "Silvicultural research and the evolution of forest practices in the Douglas-fir region. " USDA Forest Service PNW GTR 696. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland, OR.
Curtis, R. O., D. D. Marshall, et al. (1997). "LOGS: A Pioneering Example of Silvicultural Research in Coast Douglas-Fir." Journal of Forestry 95(7): 19-25.
Curtis, R. O., D. D. Marshall, et al. (2004). "Silvicultural options for young-growth Douglas-fir forests: the Capitol Forest study-establishment and first results." General Technical Report-Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service(PNW-GTR-598): xi+110pp.
Curtis, R. O. and S. Or Pacific Northwest Research (1994). Some Simulation Estimates of Mean Annual Increment of Douglas-fir Results, Limitations, and Implications for Management, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Curtis, R. O. and S. Or Pacific Northwest Research (1995). Extended Rotations and Culmination Age of Coast Douglas-fir Old Studies Speak to Current Issues, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Curtis, R. O. and S. Or Pacific Northwest Research (1998). Silviculture for Multiple Objectives in the Douglas-fir Region, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Davis, F. W. and D. Roberts (2000). "Stand structure in terrestrial ecosystems." Methods in Ecosystem Science, edited by OE Sala, RB Jackson, HA Mooney and RW Howard (Berlin: Springer), part 1(4): 7–30.
Daw, S.K., DeStefano, S., (2001). Forest characteristics of northern goshawk nest stands and post-fledging areas in Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 65, 59-65.
Deal, R. L. and J. C. Tappeiner (2002). "The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska." Forest Ecology and Management 159(3): 173-186.
Deal, R. L., J. C. Tappeiner, et al. (2002). "Developing silvicultural systems based on partial cutting in western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands of southeast Alaska." Forestry 75(4): 425.
Deans, A. M., J. R. Malcolm, S. M. Smith, and M. I. Bellocq. (2005). "Edge effects and the responses of aerial insect assemblages to structural-retention harvesting in Canadian boreal peatland forests. " Forest Ecology and Management 204:249–266.
DeBell, D. S. and R. O. Curtis (1993). "Silviculture and New Forestry in the Pacific Northwest." Journal of Forestry 91(12): 25-30.
DeBell, D. S., R. O. Curtis, et al. (1997). "Shaping stand development through silvicultural practices." Creating a forestry for the 21st century. Edited by KA Kohm and JF Franklin. Island Press, Washington, DC: 141–149.
Debinski, D. M. and R. D. Holt (2000). "A Survey and Overview of Habitat Fragmentation Experiments." Conservation Biology 14(2): 342-355.
DeGraaf, R. M. and A. L. Shigo (1985). Managing Cavity Trees for Wildlife in the Northeast, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
Delin, A. E. and H. Andrén (1999). "Effects of habitat fragmentation on Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in a forest landscape." Landscape Ecology 14(1): 67-72.
deMaynadier, P. G. and M. L. Hunter Jr (1995). "The relationship between forest management and amphibian ecology: a review of the North American literature." Environmental Reviews 3(3&4): 230-261.
Dick, M. R. (2007). "Proactive Management Considerations for Wildlife Habitat to Ensure Profitability." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 117.
Dignan, P., King, M., Savaneh, A., Walters, M., (1998). "The regeneration of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. under retained overwood: seedling growth and density. " Forest Ecology and Management 102, 1-7.
Dooley Jr, J. L. and M. A. Bowers (1998). "Demographic Responses to Habitat Fragmentation: Experimental Tests at the Landscape and Patch Scale." Ecology 79(3): 969-980.
Douglas, R. (1993). Unfinished Business. Auckland, New Zealand, Random House New Zealand.
Dovciak, M., C. B. Halpern, J. R. Saracco, S. A. Evans, and D. A. Liguori. (2006). "Persistence of ground-layer bryophytes in a structural retention experiment: initial effects of level and pattern of overstory retention. " Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36:3039–3052.
Drew, T. J. and J. W. Flewelling (1979). "Stand density management: an alternative approach and its application to Douglas-fir plantations." For. Sci 25(3): 518-532.
Everest, F. H. and G. H. Reeves (2007). Riparian and aquatic habitats of the Pacific Northwest and southeast Alaska: ecology, management history, and potential management strategies. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-692. Portland, OR, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Everett, R., D. Baumgartner, et al. (2007). "Development of current stand structure in dry fir-pine forests of eastern Washington." Journal-Torrey Botanical Society 134(2): 199.
Fahrig, L. (1992). "Relative importance of spatial and temporal scales in a patchy environment." Theoretical Population Biology 41(3): 300-314.
Fahrig, L. (1997). "Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction." The Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 603-610.
Fahrig, L. (1998). "When does fragmentation of breeding habitat affect population survival?" Ecological Modelling 105(2): 273-292.
Fahrig, L. (1999). "Forest loss and fragmentation: which has the greater effect on persistence of forest-dwelling animals." Forest fragmentation: wildlife and management implications. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: 87–95.
Fahrig, L. (2002). "Effect of Habitat Fragmentation on the Extinction Threshold: A Synthesis." Ecological Applications 12(2): 346-353.
Fahrig, L. and G. Merriam (1994). "Conservation of Fragmented Populations." Conservation Biology 8(1): 50-59.
Fahrig, L. and J. Paloheimo (1988). "Effect of Spatial Arrangement of Habitat Patches on Local Population Size." Ecology 69(2): 468-475.
Finn, S. P., J. M. Marzluff, et al. (2002). "Effects of landscape and local habitat attributes on northern goshawk site occupancy in western Washington." Forest Science 48(2): 427-436.
Fischer, W. C. and B. R. McClelland (1983). "A cavity-nesting bird bibliography—including related titles on forest snags, fire, insects, disease, and decay. " USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-140, Intermtn. For. and Range Exp. Stn.
Folliard, L. B., K. P. Reese, and L. V. Diller. (2000). "Landscape characteristics of Northern Spotted Owl nest sites in managed forests of northwestern California. " Journal of Raptor Research 34:75–84.
Ford, E. D. (1999). "Using tong-term investigations to develop silvicultural theory for new forestry." Forestry Chronicle 75: 379-384.
Foster, D. R. (1998). "Landscape Patterns and Legacies Resulting from Large, Infrequent Forest Disturbances." Ecosystems 1(6): 497-510.
Franklin, A. B., D. R. Anderson, et al. (2000). "Climate, Habitat Quality, and Fitness in Northern Spotted Owl Populations in Northwestern California." Ecological Monographs 70(4): 539-590.
Franklin, J. (1989). "Toward a new forestry. (includes related information)." American Forests v95(11-12): p37(8).
Franklin, J., D. Perry, et al. (2000). "Simplified Forest Management to achieve watershed and forest health." National Wildlife Federation, Seattle, Washington. 46pp.
Franklin, J. F. (1990). "Biological Legacies: a Critical Management Concept from Mount St. Helens." North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 55: 216-219.
Franklin, J. F. (1992). "Scientific basis for new perspectives in forests and streams." Watershed Management. Springer-Verlag, NY: 25-72.
Franklin, J. F. (1993). "Lessons from Old-Growth: Fueling Controversy and Providing Direction." Journal of Forestry 91(12): 10-13.
Franklin, J. F. (1993). "Preserving Biodiversity: Species, Ecosystems, or Landscapes?" Ecological Applications 3(2): 202-205.
Franklin, J. F. (1997). "Ecosystem management: an overview." Ecosystem Management: Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources: 21–53.
Franklin, J. F. (2004). "Old-growth forests, owls, and conservtion paradigms." Society of Conservation Biology Newsletter 11(3): 18-19.
Franklin, J. F., D. R. Berg, et al. (1997). "Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: variable retention harvest systems." Creating a Forestry for the 21: 111-139.
Franklin, J. F. and R. T. T. Forman (1987). "Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: Ecological consequences and principles." Landscape Ecology 1(1): 5-18.
Franklin, J. F., D. Lindenmayer, et al. (2000). "Threads of continuity." Conservation Biology in Practice 1(1): 8-16.
Franklin, J. F., L. A. Norris, et al. (1999). "The History of DEMO: An Experiment in Regeneration Harvest of Northwestern Forest Ecosystems." Northwest Science 73: 3-11.
Franklin, J. F., T. Spies, et al. (2005). Definition and inventory of old growth forests on DNR-Managed state lands. Department of Natural Resources.
Franklin, J. F. and T. A. Spies (1991). "Composition, function, and structure of old-growth Douglas-fir forests." Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-285. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 71-77.
Franklin, J. F., T. A. Spies, et al. (2002). "Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example." Forest Ecology and Management 155(1-3): 399-423.
Franklin, J. F. and R. Van Pelt (2004). "Spatial aspects of structural complexity." Journal of Forestry 102: 22-27.
Franklin, J.F., Mitchell, R.J., Palik, B.J. (2007). Natural disturbance and stand development principles for ecological forestry. General Technical Report NRS-19. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA.
Freese, C. H. and D. L. Trauger (2000). "Wildlife markets and biodiversity conservation in North America." Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1): 42-51.
Garman, S. L., J. Cissel, et al. (2003). Accelerating Development of Late-successional Conditions in Young Managed Douglas-fir Stands a Simulation Study, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Gehringer, K. R. (2006). "Structure-based nonparametric target definition and assessment procedures with an application to riparian forest management." Forest Ecology and Management 223(1): 125-138.
Gibbons, P. and D. B. Lindenmayer (1996). "A review of issues associated with the retention of trees with hollows in wood production forests." For. Ecol. Manage 83: 245-279.
Gibbons, P., D. B. Lindenmayer, et al. (1997). Conserving Hollow-dependent Fauna in Timber-production Forests, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Gilmore, A. M. (1990). "Plantation forestry: conservation impacts on terrestrial vertebrate fauna." Prospects for Australian Plantations. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra: 377-388.
Gilpin, M. E. (1987). "Spatial structure and population vulnerability." Viable Populations for Conservation, Ed. Michael E. Soule, 125-140. Cambridge University Press.
Graham, R.T., A.E. Harvey, et al. (1994). Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains. Res. Pap, INT-RP-477. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 13 p.
Graham, R.T. and T.B. Jain (1998). "Silviculture’s role in managing boreal forests." Conserv. Ecol. 2(2): 8.
Guldin, J.M., 2004. Overview of ecosystem management research in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains: Phases I-III. In: Guldin, J.M. (Ed.), Ouachita and Ozark Mountains Symposium: Ecosystem Management Research. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-74. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC.
Gustafson, E. J. and R. H. Gardner (1996). "The Effect of Landscape Heterogeneity on the Probability of Patch Colonization." Ecology 77(1): 94-107.
Gustafson, E. J. and G. R. Parker (1992). "Relationships between landcover proportion and indices of landscape spatial pattern." Landscape Ecology 7(2): 101-110.
Hagar, J., S. Howlin, et al. (2004). "Short-term response of songbirds to experimental thinning of young Douglas-fir forests in the Oregon Cascades." Forest Ecology and Management 199(2/3): 333-347.
Hagar, J. C. (2007). "Key elements of stand structure for wildlife in production forests west of the Cascade Mountains." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW(695): 35-48.
Hagar, J. C., W. C. McComb, et al. (1996). "Bird Communities in Commercially Thinned and Unthinned Douglas-Fir Stands of Western Oregon." Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(2): 353-366.
Haila, Y., I. K. Hanski, et al. (1994). "Forestry and the boreal fauna: Matching management with natural forest dynamics." Annales Zoologici Fennici[ANN. ZOOL. FENN.]. 31(1).
Halaj, J., Halpern, C.B., Yi, H., (2008). "Responses of litter-dwelling spiders and carabid beetles to varying levels and patterns of green-tree retention." Forest Ecology and Management 255, 887-900.
Haines-Young, R. and M. Chopping (1996). "Quantifying landscape structure: a review of landscape indices and their application to forested landscapes." Progress in physical geography 20(4): 418-445.
Halpern, C. B., S. A. Evans, et al. (1999). "Response of Forest Vegetation to Varying Levels and Patterns of Green-tree Retention: An Overview of a Long-term Experiment." Northwest Science 73: 27-44.
Halpern, C. B. and M. G. Raphael (1999). "Special issue on retention harvests in northwestern forest ecosystems: the Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study." Northwest Science 73: 1–2.
Halpern, C. B. and T. A. Spies (1995). "Plant Species Diversity in Natural and Managed Forests of the Pacific Northwest." Ecological Applications 5(4): 913-934.
Hann, W. J. and D. J. Strohm (2003). "Fire regime condition class and associated data for fire and fuels planning: methods and applications." Fire, fuel treatments and ecological restoration: conference proceedings Proceedings RMRS-P-29. Fort Collins,(CO): USDA Forest Service. p: 397–433.
Hansen, A. J., S. L. Garman, et al. (1995). "Alternative Silvicultural Regimes in the Pacific Northwest: Simulations of Ecological and Economic Effects." Ecological Applications 5(3): 535-554.
Hansen, A. J., W. C. McComb, et al. (1995). "Bird Habitat Relationships in Natural and Managed Forests in the West Cascades of Oregon." Ecological Applications 5(3): 555-569.
Hansen, A. J., T. A. Spies, et al. (1991). "Conserving Biodiversity in Managed Forests." BioScience 41(6): 382-392.
Hanski, I. (1994). "Patch-occupancy dynamics in fragmented landscapes." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9(4): 131-135.
Hanski, I. (1994). "A Practical Model of Metapopulation Dynamics." The Journal of Animal Ecology 63(1): 151-162.
Hanski, I. (1998). "Metapopulation dynamics." Nature 396(6706): 41-49.
Hanski, I. (1999). "Habitat Connectivity, Habitat Continuity, and Metapopulations in Dynamic Landscapes." Oikos 87(2): 209-219.
Hanski, I. and M. Gilpin (1991). "Metapopulation dynamics: Brief history and conceptual domain." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42(1): 3-16.
Harcombe, P. A., S. E. Greene, et al. (2004). "The influence of fire and windthrow dynamics on a coastal spruce-hemlock forest in Oregon, USA, based on aerial photographs spanning 40 years." Forest Ecology and Management 194(1/3): 71-82.
Hargis, C.D., Bissonette, J.A., Turner, D.L., (1999). "The influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American martens. " Journal of Applied Ecology 36, 157-172.
Harmon, M. E., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1986). "Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems." Advances in Ecological Research 15: 133-302.
Harmon, M. E. and C. Hua (1991). "Coarse Woody Debris Dynamics in Two Old-Growth Ecosystems." BioScience 41(9): 604-610.
Harrington, C.A., DeVine, W.D., (2006). A practical guide to oak release. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-666. In. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
Harrington, C. A., S. D. Roberts, et al. (2005). "Tree and Understory Responses to Variable-Density Thinning in Western Washington." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 635: 97.
Harrington, T. B. and J. C. Tappeiner (1997). "Growth responses of young Douglas-fir and tanoak 11 years after various levels of hardwood removal and understory suppression in southwestern Oregon, USA." Forest Ecology and Management 96(1): 1-11.
Harrington, T. B. and J. C. Tappeiner (2007). "Silvicultural Guidelines for Creating and Managing Wildlife Habitat in West-Side Production Forests." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 49.
Harrington, T. B., J. C. Tappeiner, et al. (1991). "Predicting average growth and size distributions of Douglas-fir saplings competing with sprout clumps of tanoak or Pacific madrone." New Forests 5(2): 109-130.
Harris, L. D. (1984). The Fragmented Forest: Island Biogeography Theory and the Preservation of Biotic Diversity, University of Chicago Press.
Hartley, M. J. (2002). "Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests." Forest Ecology and Management 155(1-3): 81-95.
Haveri, B. A. and A. B. Carey (2000). "Forest Management Strategy, Spatial Heterogeneity, and Winter Birds in Washington." Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(3): 643-652.
Hayes, J.P., Loeb, S.C., (2007). "Ch. 8. The influences of forest management on bats in North America. " In: Lacki, M.J., Hayes, J.P., Kurta, A. (Eds.), Bats in forests: conservation and management. JHU Press.
Hayes, J. P., S. S. Chan, et al. (1997). "Wildlife Response to Thinning Young Forests in the Pacific Northwest." Journal of Forestry 95(8): 28-33.
Hayes, J. P., S. H. Schoenholtz, et al. (2005). "Environmental consequences of intensively managed forest plantations in the Pacific Northwest." Journal of Forestry 103(2): 83-87.
Hayes, J. P., J. M. Weikel, et al. (2003). "Response of Birds to Thinning Young Douglas-Fir Forests." Ecological Applications 13(5): 1222-1232.
He, F. and H. J. Barclay (2000). "Long-term response of understory plant species to thinning and fertilization in a Douglas-fir plantation on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia." Can. J. For. Res 30(4): 566-572.
Heithecker, T.D., Halpern, C.B., (2007). "Edge-related gradients in microclimate in forest aggregates following structural retention harvests in western Washington". Forest Ecology and Management 248, 163-173.
Helgerson, O. T., J. Bottorff, et al. (2003). Thinning Young Douglas-fir West of the Cacades for Timber and Wildlife, Washington State University Cooperative Extension; US Dept. of Agriculture.
Henderson, J. A. (1994). "The ecological consequences of long-rotation forestry." High quality forestry workshop: the idea of long rotations, JF Weigand, RW Haynes, and JL Mikowshi. University of Washington Center for International Trade in Forest Products, Seattle, WA: 4-26.
Hessburg, P.F., Agee, J.K., Franklin, J.F., (2005). "Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA: contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras". Forest Ecology and Management 211, 117-139.
Hessburg, P.F., Salter, R.B., James, K.M., (2007). "Re-examining fire severity relations in pre-management era mixed-conifer forests: inferences from landscape patterns of forest structure. " Landscape Ecology 22, 5-24.
Holmberg, P. (2007). "Managing for wildlife habitat in westside production forests: A workshop synthesis." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 123-134.
Holmberg, P. and Bob Aulds (2002). Developing Westside Sivicultural Prescriptions: An Inter-
Active Self-Study and Reference Pamphlet (Draft). Washington State Department of Natural Resources.
Home, R. P., C. Home, et al. (2002). "Long-term patterns of diameter and basal area growth of old-growth Douglas-fir trees in western Oregon." Can. J. For. Res 32(7): 1232-1243.
Howard, L.F., Litvaitis, J.A., Lee, T.D., Ducey, M.J., (2005). Reconciling the effects of historic land use and disturbance on conservation of biodiversity in managed forests in the northeastern United States. Part 3- Northern Hardwoods. Report B1.1. National Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry, Washington, D.C
Hunter, M. G. (1995). "Residual trees as biological legacies." Cascade Center for Ecosystem Management.
Hunter, M. G. (2001). "Management in young forests. Communique No. 3." Cascade Center for Ecosystem Management. Corvallis, OR http://www. fsl. orst. edu/ccem/pdg/Comque32. pdf.
Hunter, Malcolm. (1999). Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press: 698.
Hunter, M. L. (1990). Wildlife, forests, and forestry: principles of managing forests for biological diversity, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (EUA). Prentice Hall Career & Technology.
Hyde, W. F. (1989). "Marginal Costs of Managing Endangered Species: The Case of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker." Journal of Agricultural Economic Research 41(2): 12-19.
Ims, R. A., J. Rolstad, et al. (1993). "Predicting space use responses to habitat fragmentation: Can voles Microtus oeconomus serve as an experimental model system(EMS) for capercaillie grouse Tetrao urogallus in boreal forest?" Biological Conservation 63(3): 261-268.
Irland, L. C., A. E. Camp, et al. (2006). Long-term Silvicultural & Ecological Studies: Results for Science and Management. New Haven, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University.
Ishii, H. T., S. Tanabe, et al. (2004). "Exploring the relationships among canopy structure, stand productivity, and biodiversity of temperate forest ecosystems." Forest Science 50(3): 342-355.
Janisch, J. E., M. E. Harmon, et al. (2005). "Decomposition of coarse woody debris originating by clearcutting of an old-growth conifer forest." Ecoscience 12(2): 151-160.
Jasienski, M., S. C. Thomas, et al. (1998). "Blaming the trees: a critique of research on forest responses to high CO2." Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13(10): 427-427.
Johnson, D. H. and T. A. O'Neil (2001). Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR, Oregon State University Press.
Johnson, K. N., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1991). "Alternatives for management of late-successional forests of the Pacific Northwest." A report to the Agriculture Committee and the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee US House of Representatives 59.
Jones, M.D., Twieg, B.D., Durall, D.M., Berch, S.M., (2008). "Location relative to a retention patch affects the ECM fungal community more than patch size in the first season after timber harvesting on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. " Forest Ecology and Management 255, 1342-1352.
Kavanagh, R. P. and G. A. Webb (1998). "Effects of variable-intensity logging on mammals, reptiles and amphibians at Waratah Creek, southeastern New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 4: 326–347.
Keeton, W.S., (2006( "Managing for late-successional/old-growth characteristics in northern hardwood-conifer forests." Forest Ecology and Management 235, 129-142.
Kelsey, K. A., S. D. West, et al. (1998). River Ecology and Management: Lessons From the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Kimmins, J. P. (2007). "Forest ecosystem manament: miracle or mirage?" USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 19-31.
King, D.I., DeGraaf, R.M., (2000). "Bird species diversity and nesting success in mature, clearcut and shelterwood forest in northern New Hampshire, USA." Forest Ecology and Management 129, 227-235.
Kliskey, A. D., E. C. Lofroth, et al. (1999). "Simulating and evaluating alternative resource-use strategies using GIS-based habitat suitability indices." Landscape and Urban Planning 45(4): 163-175.
Kohm, K. A. and J. F. Franklin (1997). Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management, Island Press.
Kramer, M. G., A. J. Hansen, et al. (2001). "Abiotic Controls on Long-Term Windthrow Disturbance and Temperate Rain Forest Dynamics in Southeast Alaska." Ecology 82(10): 2749-2768.
Kremsater, L. and F. L. Bunnell (1999). "Edge effects: theory, evidence and implications to management of western North American forests." Forest Fragmentation: Wildlife and Management Implications: 117–53.
Lahti, D. C. (2001). "The''edge effect on nest predation''hypothesis after twenty years." Biological Conservation 99(3): 365-374.
Lamberson, R. H., R. McKelvey, et al. (1992). "A Dynamic Analysis of Northern Spotted Owl Viability in a Fragmented Forest Landscape." Conservation Biology 6(4): 505-512.
Lamberson, R. H., B. R. Noon, et al. (1994). "Reserve Design for Territorial Species: The Effects of Patch Size and Spacing on the Viability of the Northern Spotted Owl." Conservation Biology 8(1): 185-195.
Lance, A. N., and M. Phinney. (2001). "Bird responses to partial retention timber harvesting in central interior British Columbia." Forest Ecology and Management 142:267–280.
Latham, P., and J. Tappeiner. (2002). "Response of old-growth conifers to reduction in stand density in western Oregon forests." Tree Physiology 22:137–146.
Latta, G. and C. A. Montgomery (2004). "Minimizing the cost of stand level management for older forest structure in western Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19: 221-231.
Latta, G. and C. A. Montgomery (2007). "Economic considerations in managing for older-forest structure." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 95-104.
Lauck, B., Swain, R., Bashford, R., (2008). "The response of the frog Crinia signifera to different silvicultural practices in southern Tasmania, Australia." Tasforests 17, 29-36.
Laurance, W. F. and E. Yensen (1991). "Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats." Biological Conservation 55(1): 77-92.
Lefkovitch, L. P. and L. Fahrig (1985). "Spatial characteristics of habitat patches and population survival." Ecological Modelling 30(3): 297-308.
Lehmkuhl, J. F., S. D. West, et al. (1999). "An Experiment for Assessing Vertebrate Response to Varying Levels and Patterns of Green-tree Retention." Northwest Science 73: 45-63.
Lemckert, F. and T. Brassil (2000). "Movements and habitat use of the endangered giant barred river frog (Mixophyes iteratus) and the implications for its conservation in timber production forests." Biological Conservation 96(2): 177-184.
Loehle, C., Wigley, T. et al. (2005). "Managed forest landscape structure and avian species richness in the southeastern US. " Forest Ecology and Management 214, 279-293.
Lewis, J. C. (1998). "Creating Snags and Wildlife Trees in Commercial Forest Landscapes." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 13(3): 97-101.
Li, H., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1993). "Developing alternative forest cutting patterns: A simulation approach." Landscape Ecology 8(1): 63-75.
Lidicker, W. Z. (1999). "Responses of mammals to habitat edges: an overview." Landscape Ecology 14(4): 333-343.
Lilieholm, R. J., W. B. Kessler, et al. (1993). "Stand density index applied to timber and goshawk habitat objectives in Douglas-fir." Environmental Management 17(6): 773-779.
Lindenmayer, D. B. (1994). "Timber harvesting impacts on wildlife: implications for ecologically sustainable forest use." Australian Journal of Environmental Management 1: 56-68.
Lindenmayer, D. B. and J. F. Franklin (1999). Managed unreserved land for biodiversity conservation: the imprtance of the matrix. Nature conservation 5: Nature conservation in production environments. Managing the matrix. J. L. Craig, N. Mitchell and D. A. Sanders. Chipping Norton, Australia, Surrey Beatty & Sons: 13-15.
Lindenmayer, D. B. and J. F. Franklin (2002). Conserving Forest Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach, Island Press.
Lindenmayer, D. B., J. F. Franklin, et al. (2006). "General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation." Biological Conservation 131(3): 433-445.
Lindenmayer, D. B., C. R. Margules, et al. (2000). "Indicators of Biodiversity for Ecologically Sustainable Forest Management." Conservation Biology 14(4): 941-950.
Lindenmayer, D.B., McCarthy, M.A., 2002. “Congruence between natural and human forest disturbance: a case study from Australian montane ash forests.” Forest Ecology and Management 155, 319-335.
Lindenmayer, D. B. and T. W. Norton (1993). "The conservation of Leadbeater’s possum in south-eastern Australia and the Spotted Owl in the Pacific Northwest of the USA: management issues, strategies and lessons." Pacific Conserv. Biol 1: 13-19.
Lindenmayer, D. B. and H. P. Possingham (1996). "Modelling the inter-relationships between habitat patchiness, dispersal capability and metapopulation persistence of the endangered species, Leadbeater's possum, in south-eastern Australia." Landscape Ecology 11(2): 79-105.
Lindenmayer, D. B. and H. P. Possingham (1996). "Modelling the relationships between habitat connectivity, corridor design and wildlife conservation within intensively logged wood production forests of south-eastern Australia." Landscape Ecology 11: 79-105.
Lindh, B. C. and P. S. Muir (2004). "Understory vegetation in young Douglas-fir forests: does thinning help restore old-growth composition?" Forest Ecology and Management 192(2/3): 285-296.
Lippke, B. (1997). "The Role of Economics in Producing Non-Market Forest Amenities." The Uneven-Aged Management Symposium (IUFRO), Corvallis, OR, Oregon State University.
Lippke, B. and C. D. Oliver (1993). "How can management for wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and other values be most cost-effective." Journal of Forestry 91: 14-18.
Lippke, B. and C. D. Oliver (1993). "Managing for Multiple Values: A Proposal for the Pacific Northwest." Journal of Forestry 91(12): 14-18.
Lippke, B., K. W. Zobrist, et al. (2007). "Issues and alternatives associated with private forest wildlife and riparian habitat management." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 81-94.
Lippke, B., K. W. Zobrist, et al. (2007). Templates for Forest Sustainability on the Olympic Experimental State Forest. RTI Working Paper #7. Seattle, WA, University of Washington: 61.
Lippke, B. R., J. Sessions, et al. (1996). Economic Analysis of Forest Landscape Management Alternatives, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: Washington State, Dept. of Natural Resources.
Loomis, J. B. (2000). "Can environmental economic valuation techniques aid ecological economics and wildlife conservation?" Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1): 52-60.
Lovett, G. (2005). Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes, Springer.
Lundquist, J. E. and J. S. Beatty (1999). "A Conceptual Model for Defining and Assessing Condition of Forest Stands." Environmental Management 23(4): 519-525.
Lundquist, J. E. and L. Lindner (2000). "Test of a Model to Assess the Condition of Lodgepole Pine Stands." Environmental Management 26(4): 421-426.
Macdonald, J.S., MacIsaac, E.A., Herunter, H.E. (2003). "The effect of variable-retention riparian buffer zones on water temperatures in small headwater streams in sub-boreal forest ecosystems of British Columbia. " Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, 1371-1382.
MacLean, C. D., C. L. Bolsinger, et al. (1997). Urban Expansion in the Forests of the Puget Sound Region, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Maguire, D. A., S. Canavan, et al. (2005). "Fate of Taxa After Variable-Retention Harvesting in Douglas-fir Forests of the Northwestern United States." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 635: 271.
Maguire, D.A., Halpern, C.B., Phillips, D.L., (2007). "Changes in forest structure following variable-retention harvests in Douglas-fir dominated forests." Forest Ecology and Management 242, 708-726.
Marshall, D. D. and R. O. Curtis (2005). "Evaluation of Silvicultural Options for Harvesting Douglas-fir Young-Growth Production Forests." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 635: 119.
Martínez-Pastur, G., Cellini, J.M., Peri, P.L., Vukasovic, R.F., Fernández, M.C., (2000). "Timber production of Nothofagus pumilio forests by a shelterwood system in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina)." Forest Ecology and Management 134, 153-162.
Marzluff, J. M. and K. Ewing (2001). "Restoration of Fragmented Landscapes for the Conservation of Birds: a General Framework and Specific Recommendations for Urbanizing Landscapes." Restoration Ecology 9(3): 280-292.
Marzluff, J. M. and L. J. Lyon (1983). "Snags as indicators of habitat suitability for open nesting birds." Davis, JW, GA Goodwin, and RA Ockenfels, technical coordinators. Snag habitat management: Proceedings of the symposium. US Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-99: 140-146.
Marzluff, J. M., J. J. Millspaugh, et al. (2002). "Modeling changes in wildlife habitat and timber revenues in response to forest management." Forest Science 48(2): 191-202.
Marzluff, J. M., J. J. Millspaugh, et al. (2004). "Relating resources to a probabilistic measure of space use: Forest fragments and Steller's jays." Ecology 85(5): 1411-1427.
Marzluff, J. M., M. G. Raphael, et al. (2000). "Understanding the Effects of Forest Management on Avian Species." Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 1132-1143.
Marzluff, J. M. and M. Restani (1999). "The effects of forest fragmentation on avian nest predation." Forest fragmentation: wildlife and management implications. Brill Academic Publishing, Leiden, The Netherlands: 155–169.
Mason, C. L., C. Ceder, et al. (2003). Investigation of Alternative Strategies for Design, Layout, and Administration of Fuel Removal Projects. Seattle, WA, Rural Technology Initiative, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington.
Matlack, G. R. and J. A. Litvaitis (1999). "Forest edges." Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems: 210–233.
McCarter, J. B., C. D. Oliver, et al. (2001). "The Landscape Management System (LMS) to attain, document and certify sustainable forest ecosystem management." Forest modelling for ecosystem management, forest certification and sustainable management: proceedings of the conference held in Vancouver, BC, Canada, August 12.
McCarter, J. B., J. S. Wilson, et al. (1998). "Landscape management through integration of existing tools and emerging technologies." Journal of Forestry 96(6): 17-23.
McClellan, M. H. and S. Or Pacific Northwest Research (2000). Alternatives to Clearcutting in the Old-growth Forests of Southeast Alaska Study Plan and Establishment Report, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
McClelland, B. R. and S. S. Frissell (1975). "Identifying forest snags useful for hole-nesting birds." J. For 73: 414-417.
McCollin, D. (1998). "Forest Edges and Habitat Selection in Birds: A Functional Approach." Ecography 21(3): 247-260.
McComb, W. C., T. A. Spies, et al. (1993). "Douglas-Fir Forests: Managing for Timber and Mature-Forest Habitat." Journal of Forestry 91(12): 31-42.
McGarigal, K. and S. A. Cushman (2002). "Comparative Evaluation of Experimental Approaches to the Study of Habitat Fragmentation Effects." Ecological Applications 12(2): 335-345.
McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. (2005). "Chapter 12. The gradient concept of landscape structure. " In: Wiens, J.A., Moss, M.R. (Eds.), Issues and perspectives in landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 112-119.
McGarigal, K. and W. C. McComb (1995). "Relationships Between Landscape Structure and Breeding Birds in the Oregon Coast Range." Ecological Monographs 65(3): 235-260.
McPherson, G. R. (1992). "Comparison of linear and non-linear overstory-understory models for ponderosa pine: a conceptual framework." Forest ecology and management 55(1-4): 31-34.
Mills, L. S. (1995). "Edge Effects and Isolation: Red-Backed Voles on Forest Remnants." Conservation Biology 9(2): 395-403.
Mills, L. S. and F. W. Allendorf (1996). "The One-Migrant-per-Generation Rule in Conservation and Management." Conservation Biology 10(6): 1509-1518.
Mitchell, S.J., Beese, W.J. (2002). "The retention system: reconciling variable retention with the principles of silvicultural systems." The Forestry Chronicle 78, 397-403.
Mladenoff, D. J., M. A. White, et al. (1994). "Applying Principles of Landscape Design and Management to Integrate Old-Growth Forest Enhancement and Commodity Use." Conservation Biology 8(3): 752-762.
Mladenoff, D. J., M. A. White, et al. (1993). "Comparing Spatial Pattern in Unaltered Old-Growth and Disturbed Forest Landscapes." Ecological Applications 3(2): 294-306.
Monkkonen, M. and P. Reunanen (1999). "On Critical Thresholds in Landscape Connectivity: A Management Perspective." Oikos 84(2): 302-305.
Moore, C. T., M. J. Conroy, et al. (2000). "Forest management decisions for wildlife objectives: system resolution and optimality." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 27(1): 25-39.
Moore, S. E. and H. L. Allen (1999). "Plantation forestry." Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, EE. UU: 400-433.
Muir, P. S., G. Survey, et al. (2002). Managing for Biodiversity in Young Douglas-fir Forests of Western Oregon, US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center.
Murcia, C. (1995). "Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation." Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10(2): 58-62.
Murphy, D. D. and B. R. Noon (1992). "Integrating Scientific Methods with Habitat Conservation Planning: Reserve Design for Northern Spotted Owls." Ecological Applications 2(1): 3-17.
Murphy, G. E., W. R. J. Sutton, et al. (2005). "Economics of intensively managed forest plantations in the Pacific Northwest." Journal of Forestry 103(2): 78-82.
Nadkarni, N. M., G. G. Parker, et al. (1996). "The international canopy network: A pathway for interdisciplinary exchange of scientific information on forest canopies." Northwest Science 70: 104-108.
Naiman, R. J., H. Decamps, et al. (1993). "The Role of Riparian Corridors in Maintaining Regional Biodiversity." Ecological Applications 3(2): 209-212.
Naiman, R. J., K. L. Fetherston, et al. (1998). "Riparian forests." River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion: 289–323.
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI) (2000). Riparian vegetation effectiveness. Technical Bulletin No. 799. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
North, M., J. Q. Chen, et al. (2004). "Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests." Forest Science 50(3): 299-311.
North, M. P., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1999). "Forest stand structure of the northern spotted owl’s foraging habitat." Forest Science 45(4): 520-527.
North, M.P., Keeton, W.S. (2008). "Emulating natural disturbance regimes: an emerging approach for sustainable forest management. " Pages 341-372. In: Lafortezza, R., Sanesi, G., Chen, J., Crow, T.R. (Eds.), Patterns and processes in forest landscapes: multiple use and sustainable management. Springer Netherlands.
NCSSF, (2007). Conserving Biodiversity Through Sustainable Forestry: A Guide to Applying NCSSF Research. National Commission for Sustainable Forestry. Washington DC.173 pages
Nelson, P., Studyvin, C., (2007). "Silvicultural strategies for restoring Missouri Ozark ecosystems on the Mark Twain National Forest." In: Deal, R.L. (Ed.), Integrated restoration of forested ecosystems to achieve multiresource benefits: proceedings of the 2007 National Silviculture Workshop. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-733, Ketchikan, Ak.
Neyland, M.G., (2004). "Selection, harvesting damage, burning damage and persistence of retained trees following dispersed retention harvesting in the Warra silvicultural systems trial in Tasmania." Tasforests 15, 55-66.
Noss, R. F. and A. Cooperrider (1994). Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity, Island Press.
Ohmann, J. L., W. C. McComb, et al. (1994). "Snag Abundance for Primary Cavity-Nesting Birds on Nonfederal Forest Lands in Oregon and Washington." Wildlife Society Bulletin 22(4): 607-620.
O'Hara, K.L., (2001). "The silviculture of transformation- a commentary." Forest Ecology and Management 151, 81-86.
Oliver, C. and B. C. Larson (1996). Forest Stand Dynamics: Update Edition, Wiley.
Oliver, C. D. (1992). "A landscape approach: achieving and maintaining biodiversity and economic productivity." Journal of Forestry 90(9): 20-25.
Pabst, R. J. and T. A. Spies (1999). "Structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in the coastal mountains of Oregon, USA." Can. J. For. Res 29: 1557-1573.
Parker, G. G. (1997). "Canopy structure and light environment of an old-growth Douglas-fir/Western Hemlock forest." Northwest Science 71(4): 261-270.
Parker, G. G. and M. J. Brown (2000). "Forest Canopy Stratification—Is It Useful?" The American Naturalist 155(4): 473-484.
Parker, G. G., M. E. Harmon, et al. (2004). "Three-dimensional Structure of an Old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga Canopy and Its Implications for Radiation Balance, Microclimate, and Gas Exchange." Ecosystems 7(5): 440-453.
Parks, C. G. and D. C. Shaw (1996). "Death and decay: A vital part of living canopies." Northwest Science 70: 46-53.
Patel-Weynand, T. (2002). "Biodiversity and sustainable forestry: State of the science review." National Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry. Washington DC.
Paton, P. W. C. (1994). "The Effect of Edge on Avian Nest Success: How Strong Is the Evidence?" Conservation Biology 8(1): 17-26.
Pearson, S. M., M. G. Turner, et al. (1996). "An organism-based perspective of habitat fragmentation." Biodiversity in managed landscapes: theory and practice. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA: 77–95.
Pelt, R. V. and J. F. Franklin (1999). "Response of Understory Trees to Experimental Gaps in Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests." Ecological Applications 9(2): 504-512.
Peterson, C. E. and D. A. Maguire (2005). Balancing Ecosystem Values: Innovative Experiments for Sustainable Forestry. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. PNW-GTR-635.
Poage, N. J. (1994). Comparison of stand development of a deciduous-dominated riparian forest and a coniferous-dominated riparian forest in the Oregon Coast Range, Oregon State University.
Poage, N. J. (2000). Structure and development of old-growth Douglas-fir in central western Oregon, Oregon State University.
Poage, N. J. and P. D. Anderson (2007). Large-scale silviculture experiments of western Oregon and Washington. GTR 7B USDA Forest Service PNW Experiment Station, Portland, OR.
Poage, N. J., D. D. Marshall, et al. (2007). "Maximum Stand-Density Index of 40 Western HemlockSitka Spruce Stands in Southeast Alaska." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22(2): 99-104.
Poage, N. J. and T. A. Spies (1996). "A tale of two unmanaged riparian forests." COPE Report 9(1): 6-9.
Poage, N. J. and J. C. Tappeiner (2002). "Long-term patterns of diameter and basal area growth of old-growth Douglas-fir trees in western Oregon." Can. J. For. Res 32: 1232–1243.
Pressey, R. L. and R. M. Cowling (2001). "Reserve Selection Algorithms and the Real World." Conservation Biology 15(1): 275-277.
Puettmann, K. J. and C. A. Berger (2006). "Development of Tree and Understory Vegetation in Young Douglas-Fir Plantations in Western Oregon." Western Journal Of Applied Forestry 21(2): 94.
Puettmann, K.J., Coates, K.D., Messier, C. (2009). A critique of silviculture: managing for complexity. Island Press, Washington D.C.
Rambo, T. R. (2001). "Decaying Logs and Habitat Heterogeneity: Implications for Bryophyte Diversity in Western Oregon Forests." Northwest Science 75(3): 270-279.
Raphael, M. G., D. E. Mack, et al. (2002). "Effects of forest fragmentation on populations of the Marbled Murrelet." Studies in Avian Biology 25: 221-235.
Raphael, M. G. and M. White (1984). "Use of snags by cavity-nesting birds in the Sierra Nevada." Wildlife Monograph 86: 1-66
Rapp, V. (2002). "Restoring complexity: second-growth forests and habitat diversity." Science update.
Reeves, G. H., L. E. Benda, et al. (1995). "A disturbance-based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest." American Fisheries Society Symposium 17: 334-349.
Reeves, G. H., F. H. Everest and T. E. Nickelson (1989). Identification of Physical Habitats Limiting the Production of Coho Salmon in Western Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-245. Portland, OR, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Reeves, G. H., D. B. Hohler, D. P. Larsen, D. E. Busch, K. Kratz, K. Reynolds, K. F. Stein, T. Atzet, P. Hays and M. Tehan (2004). Effectiveness Monitoring for the Aquatic and Riparian Component of the Northwest Forest Plan: Conceptual Framework and Options. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-577. Portland, OR, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Reeves, G. H., J. E. Williams, K. M. Burnett and K. Gallo (2006). "The Aquatic Conservation Strategy of the Northwest Forest Plan." Conservation Biology 20(2): 319-329.
Reid, W. V. and K. R. Miller (1989). Keeping options alive: the scientific basis for conserving biodiversity. Washington DC, World Resource Institute.
Reineke, L. H. (1933). "Perfecting a Stand-density Index for Even-aged Forests."Journal of Agriculture Research 46(7): 627-638
Rempel, R. S., P. C. Elkie, et al. (1997). "Timber-Management and Natural-Disturbance Effects on Moose Habitat: Landscape Evaluation." The Journal of Wildlife Management 61(2): 517-524.
Ricketts, T. H. (2001). "The Matrix Matters: Effective Isolation in Fragmented Landscapes." The American Naturalist 158(1): 87-99.
Risenhoover, K. L. and B. S. Murden (2007). "Managing for wildlife habitat in intensively managed forests." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 695: 107-116.
Roberts, S.D., Harrington, C.A., Buermeyer, K.R. (2007). "Does variable-density thinning increase wind damage in conifer stands on the Olympic Peninsula." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, 285-296.
Roberts, S.D., Harrington, C.A. (2008). "Individual tree growth response to variable-density thinning in coastal Pacific Northwest forests." Forest Ecology and Management 255, 2771-2781.
Robinson, G. R., R. D. Holt, et al. (1992). "Diverse and Contrasting Effects of Habitat Fragmentation." Science 257(5069): 524.
Robinson, S. K., F. R. Thompson Iii, et al. (1995). "Regional Forest Fragmentation and the Nesting Success of Migratory Birds." Science 267(5206): 1987.
Rochelle, J. A., L. Lehmann, et al. (1999). Forest fragmentation, Brill.
Rohweder, M. R., C. W. McKetta, et al. (2000). "Economic and Biological Compatibility of Timber and Wildlife Production: An Illustrative Use of Production Possibilities Frontier." Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(2): 435-447.
Rogers, P. (1996). Disturbance ecology and forest management: a review of the literature. General Technical Report INT-GTR-336. Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT.
Rose, C. R. and P. S. Muir (1997). "Green-Tree Retention: Consequences for Timber Production in Forests of the Western Cascades, Oregon." Ecological Applications 7(1): 209-217.
Rosenwald, R., Lohmus, A. (2008). "For what, when, and where is green-tree retention better than clear-cutting? A review of the biodiversity aspects." Forest Ecology and Management 255, 1-15.
Rudnicky, T. C. and M. L. Hunter Jr (1993). "Avian Nest Predation in Clearcuts, Forests, and Edges in a Forest-Dominated Landscape." The Journal of Wildlife Management 57(2): 358-364.
Rudolph, D. C. and R. N. Conner (1996). "Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers and Silvicultural Practice: Is Uneven-Aged Silviculture Preferable to Even-Aged?" Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(2): 330-333.
Ruggiero, L. F., K. B. Aubry, et al. (1991). Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Sallabanks, R., E. B. Arnett, et al. (2000). "An Evaluation of Research on the Effects of Timber Harvest on Bird Populations." Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 1144-1155.
Saunders, D. A., R. J. Hobbs, et al. (1991). "Biological Consequences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review." Conservation Biology 5(1): 18-32.
Schowalter, T.D., Zhang, Y.L., Rykken, J.J. (2003). "Litter invertebrate responses to variable density thinning in western Washington forest." Ecological Applications 13, 1204-1211.
Schulte, P. J. (2006). "Water flow through junctions in Douglas-fir roots." Plant, Cell & Environment 29(1): 70-76.
Scott, R. E. and S. J. Mitchell (2005). "Empirical modelling of windthrow risk in partially harvested stands using tree, neighbourhood, and stand attributes." Forest Ecology and Management 218(1/3): 193-209.
Sessions, J., G. Reeves, et al. (1997). Implementing spatial planning in watersheds. Washington, D.C., Island Press.
Settings, M. (2007). "Biodiversity Management in Pacific Northwest Forests: Strategies and Opportunities.-Selected Papers from the conference on" Managing Biodiversity in Pacific Northwest Forests", Portland, Oregon, June 5-7, 2006." Forest Ecology and Management 246(1): 108-122.
Sharitz, R.R., Boring, L.R., Van Lear, D.H., Pinder, J.E.I. (1992). "Integrating ecological concepts with natural resource management of southern forests". Ecological applications 2, 226-237.
Sharpe, F. (1996). "The biologically significant attributes of forest canopies to small birds." Northwest Science 70: 86-93.
Shaw, D. C. and K. Bible (1996). "An overview of forest canopy ecosystem functions with reference to urban and riparian systems." Northwest Science 70: 1-6.
Shepperd, W.D., Battaglia, M.A. (2002). Ecology, silviculture, and management of Black Hills ponderosa pine. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-97. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
Snider, G., Daugherty, P.J., Wood, D. (2006). "The irrationality of continued fire suppression: an avoided cost analysis of fire hazard reduction treatments versus no treatment". Journal of Forestry 104, 431-437.
Song, B. (1998). Three-dimensional forest canopies and their spatial relationships to understory vegetation, Michigan Technological University.
Song, B., J. Chen, et al. (1997). "Modeling canopy structure and heterogeneity across scales: From crowns to canopy." Forest Ecology and Management 96(3): 217-229.
Spies, T. A. (1998). "Forest Structure: A Key to the Ecosystem." Northwest Science 72(special issue 2): 34-39.
Spies, T. A. and J. F. Franklin (1988). "Old growth and forest dynamics in the Douglas-fir region of western Oregon and Washington." Natural Areas Journal 8(3): 190-201.
Spies, T. A. and J. F. Franklin (1991). "The structure of natural young, mature, and old-growth Douglas-fir forests in Oregon and Washington." USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR. Portland (OR): Pacific Northwest Research Station: 91–109.
Spies, T. A. and J. F. Franklin (1996). "The diversity and maintenance of old-growth forests." Biodiversity in managed landscapes. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA: 296-314.
Spies, T. A., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1988). "Coarse Woody Debris in Douglas-Fir Forests of Western Oregon and Washington." Ecology 69(6): 1689-1702.
Spies, T. A., W. J. Ripple, et al. (1994). "Dynamics and Pattern of a Managed Coniferous Forest Landscape in Oregon." Ecological Applications 4(3): 555-568.
Spies, T. A. and M. G. Turner (1999). "Dynamic forest mosaics." Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK: 95-160.
Stuart-Smith, A. K., J. P. Hayes, et al. (2006). "The influence of wildfire, logging and residual tree density on bird communities in the northern Rocky Mountains." Forest Ecology and Management 231(1-3): 1-17.
Styskel, E. W. (1983). "Problems in snag management implementation—a case study." Davis, Jerry W.; Goodwin, Gregory A.; Ockenfels, Richard A., technical coordinators. Snag habitat management: proceedings of the symposium: 7-9.
Suzuki, N. and J. P. Hayes (2003). "Effects of Thinning on Small Mammals in Oregon Coastal Forests." The Journal of Wildlife Management 67(2): 352-371.
Szacki, J., J. Babinska-Werka, et al. (1993). "The influence of landscape spatial structure on small mammal movements." Acta Theriologica 38(2): 113-123.
Szaro, R. C. and C. E. Peterson (2004). "Evolving approaches toward science-based forest management." Forest Snow and Landscape Research 78(1/2): 9-20.
Szaro, R. C., C. E. Peterson, et al. (2004). "Creating a legacy for sustainable science-based forest management: lessons learned from field experiments." Papers from the IUFRO conference Applied forest ecological experiments, Davos, Switzerland, 5-7 August 2003. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 78(1/2): 208pp.
Szaro, R. C., C. E. Peterson, et al. (2006). "Operational experiments for sustainably managing forests (Grossflächige Feldversuche für die nachhaltige Waldnutzung)." Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung 177 (6/7):98-104 Special Issue
Tabor, J., McElhinny, C., Hickey, J., Wood, J. (2007). "Colonisation of clearfelled coupes by rainforest tree species from mature mixed forest edges, Tasmania, Australia". Forest Ecology and Management 240, 13-23.
Talbert, C. and D. Marshall (2005). "Plantation productivity in the Douglas-fir region under intensive silvicultural practices: results from research and operations." Journal of Forestry 103(2): 65-70.
Tang, S. M., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1997). "Forest harvest patterns and landscape disturbance processes." Landscape Ecology 12(6): 349-363.
Tappeiner, J. C. (1989). "Early establishment and vegetative growth of understory species in the western hemlock- Sitka spruce forests of southeast Alaska." CanJ. Bot./J. Can. Boot. 67(1): 318-326.
Tappeiner, J. C., D. Huffman, et al. (1997). "Density, ages, and growth rates in old-growth and young-growth forests in coastal Oregon." Can. J. For. Res 27(5): 638-648.
Tappeiner, J. C., D. Lavender, et al. (1997). "Silvicultural systems and regeneration methods: current practices and new alternatives." Creating a forestry for the 21st century: the science of ecosystem management. Edited by Kathryn A. Kohm and Jerry F. Franklin. Island Press, Washington: 151–164.
Tappeiner, J. C. and J. C. Zasada (1993). "Establishment of salmonberry, salal, vine maple, and bigleaf maple seedlings in the coastal forests of Oregon." Can. J. For. Res./Rev. can. rech. for 23(9): 1775-1780.
Tarp, P., F. Helles, et al. (2000). "Modelling near-natural silvicultural regimes for beech: an economic sensitivity analysis." Forest ecology and management 130: 187-198.
Taulman, J. F., K. G. Smith, et al. (1998). "Demographic and Behavioral Responses of Southern Flying Squirrels to Experimental Logging in Arkansas." Ecological Applications 8(4): 1144-1155.
Taylor, P. D., L. Fahrig, et al. (1993). "Connectivity Is a Vital Element of Landscape Structure." Oikos 68(3): 571-573.
Thomas, J. W. (1979). Wildlife habitats in managed forests: the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington, Wildlife management institute, US Department of inetrior Bureau of Land Management.
Thomas, J. W., J. F. Franklin, et al. (2006). "The Northwest Forest Plan: Origins, Components, Implementation Experience, and Suggestions for Change." Conservation Biology 20(2): 277-287.
Thomas, S. C., C. B. Halpern, et al. (1999). "Plant Diversity in Managed Forests: Understory Responses to Thinning and Fertilization." Ecological Applications 9(3): 864-879.
Thompson, J. (2007). "Mountain meadows—here today, gone tomorrow? Meadow science and restoration." Science Findings (94) June 2007: 1-5
Thorpe, H.C., Thomas, S.C., Caspersen, J.P. (2008). "Tree mortality following partial harvests is determined by skidding proximity". Ecological Applications 18, 1652-1663.
Thorpe, H. C., and S. C. Thomas. (2007). "Partial harvesting in the Canadian boreal: success will depend on stand dynamic responses". Forestry Chronicle 83:319–325.
Thorpe, H. C., S. C. Thomas, and J. P. Caspersen. (2007). "Residual-tree growth responses to partial stand harvest in the black spruce (Picea mariana) boreal forest". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37:1563–1571.
Thysell, D. R., A. B. Carey, et al. (2000). Effects of Forest Management on Understory and Overstory Vegetation a Retrospective Study, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Tóth, S. F. and M. E. McDill (2007). "Promoting Large, Compact Mature Forest Patches in Harvest Scheduling Models." Environmental Modeling and Assessment: 1-15.
Tóth, S. F., M. E. McDill, et al. (2006). "Finding the Efficient Frontier of a Bi-Criteria, Spatially Explicit, Harvest Scheduling Problem." Forest Science 52(1): 93.
Trzcinski, M. K., L. Fahrig, et al. (1999). "Independent Effects of Forest Cover and Fragmentation on the Distribution of Forest Breeding Birds." Ecological Applications 9(2): 586-593.
University of Washington College of Forest Resources (2007). "Timber Supply and Forest Structure" in The Future of Washington's Forests and Forestry Industries. University of Washington, Seattle, WA: 518.
USDI Fish and Wildlife Service (1980). "Habitat evaluation procedures (HEP)." USDI Fish and Wildlife Service 102.
USDA Forest Service. (2001). Sierra Nevada forest plan amendment. Final environmental impact statement. San Francisco, CA, UDSA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region.
Van Der Meer, P.J., Dignan, P., Savaneh, A., (1999). "Effect of gap size on seedling establishment, growth and survival at three years in mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) forest in Victoria, Australia". Forest Ecology and Management 117, 33-42.
Van Pelt, R. and J. F. Franklin (2000). "Influence of canopy structure on the understory environment in tall, old-growth, conifer forests." Can. J. For. Res 30: 1231-1245.
Van Pelt, R. and M. P. North (1996). "Analyzing canopy structure in Pacific Northwest old-growth forests with a stand-scale crown model." Northwest Science 70: 15-30.
Van Pelt, R. and M. P. North (1999). "Testing a ground-based canopy model using the Wind River Canopy Crane." Selbyana 20: 357-362.
Verboom, B. and H. Huitema (1997). "The importance of linear landscape elements for the pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus and the serotine bat Eptesicus serotinus." Landscape Ecology 12(2): 117-125.
Villard, M. A. and P. D. Taylor (1994). "Tolerance to habitat fragmentation influences the colonization of new habitat by forest birds." Oecologia 98(3): 393-401.
Villard, M. A., M. K. Trzcinski, et al. (1999). "Fragmentation Effects on Forest Birds: Relative Influence of Woodland Cover and Configuration on Landscape Occupancy." Conservation Biology 13(4): 774-783.
Wauters, L., P. Casale, et al. (1994). "Space Use and Dispersal of Red Squirrels in Fragmented Habitats." Oikos 69(1): 140-146.
Wegner, J. F. and G. Merriam (1979). "Movements by Birds and Small Mammals Between a Wood and Adjoining Farmland Habitats." The Journal of Applied Ecology 16(2): 349-357.
White, C.G., Schweitzer, S.H., Moore, C.T., Parnell, I.B., Lewis-Weis, L.A., (2005). "Evaluation of the landscape surrounding northern bobwhite nest sites: a multiscape analysis". Journal of Wildlife Management 69, 1528-1537.
Wiegand, J. F., R. W. Haynes, et al. (1994). High quality forestry workshop: The idea of long rotations. Special Paper 15. Seattle, WA, University of Washington College of Forest Resouces Center for International Trade in Forest Products.
Wielgus, R.B., Vernier, P.R., (2003). "Grizzly bear selection of managed and unmanaged forests in the Selkirk Mountains". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, 822-829.
Wilson, D.S., Puettmann, K.J., (2007). "Density management and biodiversity in young Douglas-fir forests: challenges of managing across scales". Forest Ecology and Management 246, 123-134.
Wilson, J. S. and C. D. Oliver (2000). "Stability and density management in Douglas-fir plantations." Can. J. For. Res 30(6): 910-920.
Wilson, S. M. and A. B. Carey (2000). "Legacy Retention Versus Thinning: Influences on Small Mammals." Northwest Science 74(2): 131-145.
Winter, L. E., L. B. Brubaker, et al. (2002). "Initiation of an old-growth Douglas-fir stand in the Pacific Northwest: a reconstruction from tree-ring records." Canadian Journal of Forest Research/Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestiere 32(6): 1039-1056.
With, K. A. and T. O. Crist (1995). "Critical Thresholds in Species' Responses to Landscape Structure." Ecology 76(8): 2446-2459.
With, K. A. and A. W. King (1999). "Extinction Thresholds for Species in Fractal Landscapes." Conservation Biology 13(2): 314-326.
Witting, L. and V. Loeschcke (1995). "The optimization of biodiversity conservation." Biological Conservation 71(2): 205-207.
Woodruff, D. R., B. J. Bond, et al. (2002). "Effects of stand density on the growth of young Douglas-fir trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research/Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestiere 32(3): 420-427.
Zenner, E. K. (2000). "Do Residual Trees Increase Structural Complexity in Pacific Northwest Coniferous Forests?" Ecological Applications 10(3): 800-810.
Zenner, E. K. (2004). "Does old-growth condition imply high live-tree structural complexity?" Forest Ecology and Management 195(1/2): 243-258.
Zenner, E.K. (2005). "Development of tree size distributions in Douglas-fir forests under differing disturbance regimes". Ecological Applications 15, 701-714.
Zobrist, K. W., K. R. Gehringer, et al. (2004). "Templates for sustainable riparian management on family forest ownerships." Journal of Forestry 102(7): 19-25.
Zobrist, K. W. and T. M. Hinckley (2005). A literature review of management practices to support increased biodiversity in intensively managed Douglas-fir plantations. Seattle, WA, Rural Technology Initiative: 14.
2. Spatial forest management reviews & concepts -under multiple objectives
Baskent, E. Z. and G. A. Jordan (1995). "Characterizing spatial structure of forest landscapes." Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 25(11): 1830-1849.
Baskent, E. Z. (1997). "Assessment of structural dynamics in forest landscape management." Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 27(10): 1675-1684.
Baskent, E. Z. and S. Keles (2005). "Spatial forest planning: A review." Ecological Modelling 188(2-4): 145-173.
Bettinger, P. and J. Sessions (2003). "Spatial forest planning - To adopt, or not to adopt?" Journal of Forestry 101(2): 24-29.
Bettinger, P. and W. Chung (2004). "The key literature of, and trends in, forest-level management planning in North America, 1950-2001." International Forestry Review 6(1): 40-50.
Collinge, S. K. (1996). "Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation: Implications for landscape architecture and planning." Landscape and Urban Planning 36(1): 59-77.
Kurttila, M. (2001). "The spatial structure of forests in the optimization calculations of forest planning - a landscape ecological perspective." Forest Ecology and Management 142(1-3): 129-142.
Seymour, R.S., White, A.S., deMaynadier, P.G. (2002). "Natural disturbance regimes in northeastern North America- evaluating silvicultural systems using natural scales and frequencies". Forest Ecology and Management 155, 357-367.
Weintraub, A. and A. T. Murray (2006). "Review of combinatorial problems induced by spatial forest harvesting planning." Discrete Applied Mathematics 154(5): 867-879
3. Spatial forest management, optimization methods, harvest scheduling with wildlife constraints and case studies
Arthaud, G. J. and D. W. Rose (1996). "A methodology for estimating production possibility frontiers for wildlife habitat and timber value at the landscape level." Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 26(12): 2191-2200.
Azevedo, J. C. M., S. B. Jack, et al. (2000). "Functional heterogeneity of forest landscapes and the distribution and abundance of the red-cockaded woodpecker." Forest Ecology and Management 127(1-3): 271-283.
Baskent, E. Z. (1997). "Assessment of structural dynamics in forest landscape management." Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 27(10): 1675-1684.
Baskent, E. Z. (1999). "Controlling spatial structure of forested landscapes: a case study towards landscape management." Landscape Ecology 14(1): 83-97.
Baskent, E. Z. and G. A. Jordan (1995). "Characterizing spatial structure of forest landscapes." Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 25(11): 1830-1849.
Baskent, E. Z. and G. A. Jordan (1996). "Designing forest management to control spatial structure of landscapes." Landscape and Urban Planning 34(1): 55-74.
Baskent, E. Z. and G. A. Jordan (2002). "Forest landscape management modeling using simulated annealing." Forest Ecology and Management 165: 29-45.
Baskent, E. Z., G. A. Jordan, et al. (2000). "Designing forest landscape management." Forestry Chronicle 76(5): 739-742.
Baskent, E. Z. and S. Keles (2005). "Spatial forest planning: A review." Ecological Modelling 188(2-4): 145-173.
Baskent, E. Z. and H. A. Yolasigmaz (1999). "Forest landscape management revisited." Environmental Management 24(4): 437-448.
Bettinger, P., K. Boston, et al. (2007). "Landscape-level optimization using tabu search and stand density-related forest management prescriptions." European Journal of Operational Research 176(2): 1265-1282.
Bettinger, P., K. Boston, et al. (1999). "Combinatorial optimization of elk habitat effectiveness and timber harvest volume." Environmental Modeling and assessment 4: 143-153.
Bettinger, P., K. Boston, et al. (1999). "Intensifying a heuristic forest harvest scheduling search procedure with 2-opt decision choices." Canadian Journal Of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 29(11): 1784-1792.
Bettinger, P. and W. Chung (2004a). "The key literature of, and trends in, forest-level management planning in North America, 1950-2001." International Forestry Review 6(1): 40-50.
Bettinger, P., D. Graetz, et al. (2004b). "A density-dependent stand-level optimization approach for deriving management prescriptions for interior northwest (USA) landscapes." Forest Ecology and Management 217(2-3):171-186
Bettinger, P., D. Graetz, et al. (2002). "Eight heuristic planning techniques applied to three increasingly difficult wildlife planning problems." Silva Fennica 36(2): 561-584.
Bettinger, P., D. L. Johnson, et al. (2003). "Spatial forest plan development with ecological and economic goals." Ecological Modelling 169(2-3): 215-236.
Bettinger, P., K. N. Johnson, et al. (1996). "Forest planning in an Oregon case study: Defining the problem and attempting to meet goals with a spatial-analysis technique." Environmental Management 20(4): 565-577.
Bettinger, P. and J. Sessions (2003). "Spatial forest planning - To adopt, or not to adopt?" Journal of Forestry 101(2): 24-29.
Bettinger, P., J. Sessions, et al. (1997). "Using Tabu search to schedule timber harvests subject to spatial wildlife goals for big game." Ecological Modelling 94(2-3): 111-123.
Bevers, M. and J. Hof (1999). "Spatially optimizing wildlife habitat edge effects in forest management linear and mixed-integer programs." Forest Science 45(2): 249-258.
Bodin, Ö., Norberg, J., (2007). "A network approach for analyzing spatially structured populations in fragmented landscapes". Landscape Ecology 22, 31-44.
Boston, K. and P. Bettinger (1999). "An analysis of Monte Carlo integer programming, simulated annealing, and tabu search heuristics for solving spatial harvest scheduling problems." Forest Science 45(2): 292-301.
Boston, K. and P. Bettinger (2001). "Development of spatially feasible forest plans: a comparison of two modeling approaches." Silva Fennica 35(4): 425-435.
Boston, K. and P. Bettinger (2002). "Combining tabu search and genetic algorithm heuristic techniques to solve spatial harvest scheduling problems." Forest Science 48(1): 35-46.
Bowman, J. and J. F. Robitaille (2005). "An assessment of expert-based marten habitat models used for forest management in Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 81(6): 801-807.
Boyland, M., J. Nelson, et al. (2005). "A test for robustness in harvest scheduling models." Forest Ecology and Management 207(1-2): 121-132.
Calkin, D. E., C. A. Montgomery, et al. (2002). "Developing a production possibility set of wildlife species persistence and timber harvest value." Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 32(8): 1329-1342.
Caro, F., M. Constantino, et al. (2003). "A 2-Opt tabu search procedure for the multiperiod forest harvesting problem with adjacency, greenup, old growth and even flow constraints." Forest Science 49(5): 738-751.
Chappell, C. B., R. C. Crawford, et al. (2001). Wildlife habitats: Desriptions, status, trends, and system dyamics. WIldlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. D. H. Johnson and T. A. O’Neil. Corvallis, OR, Oregon State University Press: 22-114.
Chen, B. W. and K. Von Gadow (2002). "Timber harvest planning with spatial objectives, using the method of simulated annealing." Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 121(1): 25-34.
Church, R. L., A.T. Murray, A. Weintraub(1998) “Locational issues in forest management” Location Science 6(1-4): 137-153.
Collinge, S. K. (1996). "Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation: Implications for landscape architecture and planning." Landscape and Urban Planning 36(1): 59-77.
Cox, E. S. and J. Sullivan (1995). "Harvest scheduling with spatial wildlife constraints - an empirical-examination of tradeoffs." Journal of Environmental Management 43(4): 333-348.
Crookston, N. L. and G. E. Dixon (2005). "The forest vegetation simulator: A review of its structure, content, and applications." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 49(1): 60-80.
Deng, W. H. and W. Gao (2005). "Edge effects on nesting success of cavity-nesting birds in fragmented forests." Biological Conservation 126(3): 367-370.
Dodd, N. L., R. E. Schweinsburg, et al. (2006). "Landscape-scale forest habitat relationships to tassel-eared squirrel populations: Implications for ponderosa pine forest restoration." Restoration Ecology 14(4): 537-547.
Ducheyne, E. I., R. R. De Wulf, et al. (2006). "A spatial approach to forest-management optimization: linking GIS and multiple objective genetic algorithms." International Journal of Geographical Information Science 20(8): 917-928.
Edenius, L. and G. Mikusinski (2006). "Utility of habitat suitability models as biodiversity assessment tools in forest management." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 21: 62-72.
Fahrig, L. (1999). Forest loss and fragmentation: Which has the greater effect on persistance of forest-dwelling animals? Forest Fragmentation: wildlife and management implications. J. A. Rochelle, L. A. Lehmann and J. Wisniewski. Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill: 61-86.
Fahrig, L. (2002). "Effect of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: A synthesis." Ecological Applications 12(2): 346-353.
Felix, A. B., H. Campa, et al. (2004). "Development of landscape-scale habitat-potential models for forest wildlife planning and management." Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(3): 795-806.
Ferraz, G., J. D. Nichols, et al. (2007). "A large-scale deforstation experiment: Effects of patch area and isolation on Amazon birds." Science 315: 238-241.
Finn, S. P., J. M. Marzluff, et al. (2002). "Effects of landscape and local habitat attributes on northern goshawk site occupancy in western Washington." Forest Science 48(2): 427-436.
Gustafson, E. J. and T. R. Crow (1994). "Modeling the effects of forest harvesting on landscape structure and the spatial distribution of cowbird brood parasitism." Landscape Ecology 9(4): 237-248.
Gustafson, E. J., D. E. Lytle, et al. (2007). "Simulating the cumulative effects of multiple forest management strategies on landscape measures of forest sustainability." Landscape Ecology 22(1): 141-156.
Gustafson, E. J., L. J. Roberts, et al. (2006). "Linking linear programming and spatial simulation models to predict landscape effects of forest management alternatives." Journal of Environmental Management 81(4): 339-350.
Hagan, J. M. and A. L. Meehan (2002). "The effectiveness of stand-level and landscape-level variables for explaining bird occurrence in an industrial forest." Forest Science 48(2): 231-242.
Haight, R. G., R. A. Monserud, et al. (1992). "Optimal harvesting with stand density targets - managing rocky-mountain conifer stands for multiple forest outputs." Forest Science 38(3): 554-574.
Haimes, Y. Y., L. S. Lasdon, et al. (1971). "On a bicriterion forulation of the problems of integrated system identification and system optimization." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 1: 296-297.
Hanski, I. (1994). "Patch occupancy dynamics in fragmented landscapes." Trend in Ecology & Evolution 9: 131-135.
Hanski, I. (1994). "A practical model of metapopulation dynamics." Journal of Animal Ecology 63: 151-162.
Haveri, B. A. and A. B. Carey (2000). "Forest management strategy, spatial heterogeneity, and winter birds in Washington." Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(3): 643-652.
Higdon, J. W., D. A. MacLean, et al. (2005). "Evaluating vertebrate species risk on an industrial forest landscape." Forest Ecology and Management 204(2-3): 279-296.
Hochbaum, D. S. and A. Pathria (1997). "Forest harvesting and minimum cuts: A new approach to handling spatial constraints." Forest Science 43(4): 544-554.
Hof, J., M. Bevers, et al. (1994). "An Integer Programming Approach For Spatially And Temporally Optimizing Wildlife Populations." Forest Science 40(1): 177-191.
Hof, J. and M. G. Raphael (1997). "Optimization of habitat placement: A case study of the northern spotted owl in the Olympic Peninsula." Ecological Applications 7(4): 1160-1169.
Hof, J. G. and L. A. Joyce (1992). "Spatial optimization for wildlife and timber in managed forest ecosystems." Forest Science 38(3): 489-508.
Hof, J. G. and L. A. Joyce (1993). "A mixed-integer linear-programming approach for spatially optimizing wildlife and timber in managed forest ecosystems." Forest Science 39(4): 816-834.
Hoganson, M., G., Borges (2000) “Impacts of the time horizon for adjacency constraints in harvest scheduling” Forest Science 46(2): 176-187.
Holzkamper, A., A. Lausch, et al. (2006). "Optimizing landscape configuratlion to enhance habitat suitability for species with contrasting habitat requirements." Ecological Modelling 198(3-4): 277-292.
Hummel, S. and D. E. Calkin (2005). "Costs of landscape silviculture for fire and habitat management." Forest Ecology and Management 207(3): 385-404.
Hummel, S., Barbour, R.J. (2007). "Landscape silviculture for late-successional reserve management". In: Powers, R.F. (Ed.), Restoring fire-adapted ecosystems: proceedings of the 2005 national silviculture workshop. Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. PSW-GTR-203, Albany, CA.
Hurme, E., M. Kurttila, et al. (2007). "Maintenance of flying squirrel habitat and timber harvest: a site-specific spatial model in forest planning calculations." Landscape Ecology 22(2): 243-256.
Hynynen, J., A. Ahtikoski, et al. (2005). "Applying the MOTTI simulator to analyse the effects of alternative management schedules on tiber and non-timber production." Forest Ecology and Management 207: 5-18.
Imaki, H. (2007) Optimizing timber harvest revenue with wildlife constraints for old-forest species using a spatially explicit habitat model and open source GIS. Master of Science thesis. University of Washington, Seattle. 119 pp.
Jaeger, J. and R. Holderegger (2005). "Thresholds of landscape fragmentation." GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 14(2): 113-118.
Jones J. G., Mneghin B. J., Kirby M. W. (1991) "Formulating adjacency constraints in linear optimization models for scheduling projects in tactical planning" Forest Science 37(5): 1283-1297
Juutinen, A., E. Mantymaa, et al. (2004). "A cost-effective approach to selecting forest stands for conserving species: A case study from northern Fennoscandia." Forest Science 50(4): 527-539.
Kremsater, L. L. and F. L. Bunnell (19991). Edges: Theory, evidence, and implications to management of western forsts. Forest Franmentation: Wildlife and Management Implications.
J. A. Rochelle, L. A. Lehmann and J. Wisniewski. Leiden, Netherlands, Brill: 117-153.
Kroll, A. J. and J. B. Haufler (2006). "Development and evaluation of habitat models at multiple spatial scales: A case study with the dusky flycatcher." Forest Ecology and Management 229(1-3): 161-169.
Kurttila, M. (2001). "The spatial structure of forests in the optimization calculations of forest planning - a landscape ecological perspective." Forest Ecology and Management 142(1-3): 129-142.
Kurttila, M., T. Pukkala, et al. (2002). "The performance of alternative spatial objective types in forest planning calculations: a case for flying squirrel and moose." Forest Ecology and Management 166: 245-260.
Lande, R. (1993). "Risks of population extinction from demotraphic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes." American Naturalist 142: 911-927.
Larsen, E. W., E. H. Girvetz, et al. (2007). "Landscape level planning in alluvial riparian floodplain ecosystems: Using geomorphic modeling to avoid conflicts between human infrastructure and habitat conservation." Landscape and Urban Planning 79(3-4): 338-346.
Larson, M. A., F. R. Thompson, et al. (2004). "Linking population viability, habitat suitability, and landscape simulation models for conservation planning." Ecological Modelling 180(1): 103-118.
Li, H. B., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1993). "Developing alternative forest cutting patterns: A simulation approach." Landscape Ecology 8(1): 63-75.
Li, H. B., D. I. Gartner, et al. (2000). "A landscape model (LEEMATH) to evaluate effects of management impacts on timber and wildlife habitat." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 27(1-3): 263-292.
Liu, J. G., F. W. Cubbage, et al. (1994). "Ecological and economic-effects of forest landscape structure and rotation length - simulation studies using ECOLECON." Ecological Economics 10(3): 249-263.
Lloyd, P., T. E. Martin, et al. (2005). "Linking demographic effects of habitat fragmentation across landscapes to continental source-sink dynamics." Ecological Applications 15(5): 1504-1514.
Loehle, C., P. Van Deusen, et al. (2006). "A method for landscape analysis of forestry guidelines using bird habitat models and the Habplan harvest scheduler." Forest Ecology and Management 232(1-3): 56-67.
Lu, F., L. O. Eriksson (2000) “Formation of harvest units with genetic algorithms.” Forest Ecology and Management 130 (1-3): 57-67.
Malcolm, J. R., B. D. Campbell, et al. (2004). "Potential indicators of the impacts of forest management on wildlife habitat in northeastern Ontario: A multivariate application of wildlife habitat suitability matrices." Forestry Chronicle 80(1): 91-106.
Marzluff, J. M., J. J. Millspaugh, et al. (2002). "Modeling changes in wildlife habitat and timber revenues in response to forest management." Forest Science 48(2): 191-202.
Marzluff, J. M., M. G. Raphael, et al. (2000). "Understanding the effects of forest management on avian species." Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 1132-1143.
McCarter, J. B., J. S. Wilson, et al. (1988). "Landscape management through integration of existing tools and emerging technologies." Journal of Forestry 96: 17-23.
McDill M.E, J. Braze J. (2000). “Comparing Adjacency Constraint Formulations for Randomly Generated Forest Planning Problems with Four Age-Class Distributions ” Forest Science 46(3): 423-436.
McGrath, M. T., S. DeStefano, et al. (2003). "Spatially explicit influences on northern goshawk nesting habitat in the interior Pacific Northwest." Wildlife Monographs(154): 1-63.
McKenzie, D. and C. B. Halpern (1999). "Modeling the distributions of shrub species in Pacific northwest forests." Forest Ecology and Management 114(2-3): 293-307.
McLaren, B. E., S. P. Mahoney, et al. (2000). "Spatial and temporal patterns of use by moose of pre-commercially thinned, naturally-regenerating stands of balsam fir in central Newfoundland." Forest Ecology and Management 133(3): 179-196.
Miller, G. W. and J. Sullivan (1997). "Model for multi-stand management based on structural attributes of individual stands." Forest Ecology and Management 96(3): 261-271.
Moore, C. T. and M. J. Conroy (2006). "Optimal regeneration planning for old-growth forest: Addressing scientific uncertainty in endangered species recovery through adaptive management." Forest Science 52(2): 155-172.
Moore, C. T., M. J. Conroy, et al. (2000). "Forest management decisions for wildlife objectives: system resolution and optimality." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 27(1-3): 25-39.
Moore, J. E. and R. K. Swihart (2005). "Modeling patch occupancy by forest rodents: Incorporating detectability and spatial autocorrelation with hierarchically structured data." Journal of Wildlife Management 69(3): 933-949.
Morris, D. W. (2003). "How can we apply theories of habitat selection to wildlife conservation and management?" Wildlife Research 30(4): 303-319.
Murphy, D. D. and B. R. Noon (1992). "Integrating scientific methods with habitat conservation planning - reserve design for northern spotted owls." Ecological Applications 2(1): 3-17.
Murray, A. T. (1998). "Ecosystem management or infeasible guidelines? Implications of adjacency restrictions for wildlife habitat and timber production." Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 28(7): 1093-1094.
Murray, A. T. and R. L. Church (1995). "Heuristic Solution Approaches To Operational Forest Planning Problems." Or Spektrum 17(2-3): 193-203.
Murray, A. T. and R. L. Church (1995). "Measuring The Efficacy Of Adjacency Constraint Structure In Forest Planning-Models." Canadian Journal Of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 25(9): 1416-1424.
Nalle, D. J., J. L. Arthur, et al. (2005). "Economic impacts of adjacency and green-up constraints on timber production at a landscape scale." Journal of Forest Economics 10(4): 189-205.
Nalle, D. J., J. L. Arthur, et al. (2002). "Designing compact and contiguous reserve networks with a hybrid heuristic algorithm." Forest Science 48(1): 59-68.
Nalle, D. J., C. A. Montgomery, et al. (2004). "Modeling joint production of wildlife and timber." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 48(3): 997-1017.
Nelson, J. D., S. T. Finn (1991) “The influence of cut-block size and adjacency rules on harvest levels and road networks.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21(5): 595-600.
Oregon Secretary of State (2002) Oregon Administrative Rules Department of Forestry, Division 665, Specified resource site protection rules, 629-665-0210(1)(a).
Polasky, S., E. Nelson, et al. (2005). "Conserving species in a working landscape: Land use with biological and economic objectives." Ecological Applications 15(4): 1387-1401.
Prather, J. W., N. L. Dodd, et al. (2006). "Landscape models to predict the influence of forest structure on tassel-eared squirrel populations." Journal of Wildlife Management 70(3): 723-731.
Radeloff, V. C., D. J. Mladenoff, et al. (2006). "Modeling forest harvesting effects on landscape pattern in the Northwest Wisconsin Pine Barrens." Forest Ecology and Management 236(1): 113-126.
Ransome, D. B. and T. P. Sullivan (2003). "Population dynamics of Glaucomys sabrinus and Tamiasciurus douglasii in old-growth and second-growth stands of coastal coniferous forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research/Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestiere 33(4): 587-596.
Rempel, R. S. and C. K. Kaufmann (2003). "Spatial modeling of harvest constraints on wood supply versus wildlife habitat objectives." Environmental Management 32(5): 646-659.
Ribe, R. G. (2006). "Perceptions of forestry alternatives in the US Pacific Northwest: Information effects and acceptability distribution analysis." Journal of Environmental Psychology 26(2): 100-115.
Richards, E. W., E. A. Gunn (2000) “A model and Tabu search method to optimize stand harvest and road construction schedules : Introduction to Spatial Modeling in Forest Management and Natural Resource Planning Reserve Site Selection” Forest Science 46(2): 188-203.
Richards, E. W., E. A. Gunn (2003) “Tabu search design for difficult forest management optimization problems.“ Can. J. For. Res. 33(6): 1126–1133.
Riitters, K. H., R. V. Oneill, et al. (1997). "Assessing habitat suitability at multiple scales: A landscape-level approach." Biological Conservation 81(1-2): 191-202.
Rohweder, M. R., C. W. McKetta, et al. (2000). "Economic and biological compatibility of timber and wildlife production: an illustrative use of production possibility frontier." Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(2): 435-447.
Russell, W. H. and C. Jones (2001). "The effects of timber harvesting on the structure and composition of adjacent old-growth coast redwood forest, California, USA." Landscape Ecology 16(8): 731-741.
Schumaker, N. H., T. Ernst, et al. (2004). "Projecting wildlife responses to alternative future landscapes in Oregon's Willamette Basin." Ecological Applications 14(2): 381-400.
Sessions, J. (1992). "Solving For Habitat Connections As A Steiner Network Problem." Forest Science 38(1): 203-207.
Seto, K. C., E. Fleishman, et al. (2004). "Linking spatial patterns of bird and butterfly species richness with Landsat TM derived NDVI." International Journal Of Remote Sensing 25(20): 4309-4324.
Shifley, S. R., F. R. Thompson, et al. (2006). "Simulated effects of forest management alternatives on landscape structure and habitat suitability in the Midwestern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 229(1-3): 361-377.
Smith, J. N. M. and J. J. Hellmann (2002). "Population persistence in fragmented landscapes." Trend in Ecology & Evolution 17(9): 397-399.
Snyder, S., C. ReVelle (1997) “Dynamic Selection of Harvests with Adjacency Restrictions: The SHARe Model.” Forest Science 43(2): 213-222.
Soule, M. E. (1991). "Land-Use Planning And Wildlife Maintenance - Guidelines For Conserving Wildlife In An Urban Landscape." Journal Of The American Planning Association 57(3): 313-323.
Spring, D. A., M. Bevers, et al. (2001). "Economics of a nest-box program for the conservation of an endangered species: a reappraisal." Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 31(11): 1992-2003.
Steventon, J. D., K. L. MacKenzie, et al. (1998). "Response of small mammals and birds to partial cutting and clearcutting in northwest British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 74(5): 703-713.
Sturtevant, B. R., J. A. Bissonette, et al. (1996). "Temporal and spatial dynamics of boreal forest structure in western Newfoundland: Silvicultural implications for marten habitat management." Forest Ecology and Management 87(1-3): 13-25.
Thome, D. M., C. J. Zabel, et al. (1999). "Forest stand characteristics and reproduction of northern spotted owls in managed north-coastal California forests." Journal of Wildlife Management 63(1): 44-59.
Toth, S. F., M. E. McDill, et al. (2006). "Finding the efficient frontier of a bi-criteria, spatially explicit, harvest scheduling problem." Forest Science 52(1): 93-107.
Twedt, D. J., W. B. Uihlein, et al. (2006). "A spatially explicit decision support model for restoration of forest bird habitat." Conservation Biology 20(1): 100-110.
Van Deusen, P. C. (2001). "Scheduling spatial arrangement and harvest simultaneously." Silva Fennica 35(1): 85-92.
van Langevelde, F., A. Schotman, et al. (2000). "Competing land use in the reserve site selection problem." Landscape Ecology 15(3): 243-256.
Van Raffe, J. K. (2000). "Tactic: a decision support system for forest management planning." Computer and Electoronics in Agriculture.
Varghese, A. O. and Y. Murthy (2006). "Application of geoinformatics for conservation and management of rare and threatened plant species." Current Science 91(6): 762-769.
Venier, L. A., J. L. Pearce, et al. (2007). "Future forests and indicator-species population models." Forestry Chronicle 83(1): 36-40.
Verboom, J., R. Foppen, et al. (2001). "Introducing the key patch approach for habitat networks with persistent populations: an example for marshland bird populations." Biological Conservation 100: 89-101.
Verboom, J., A. Schotman, et al. (1991). "European nuthatch metapopulations in a fragmented agricultural landscape." Oikos 61: 149-156.
Villa, L. J., A. B. Carey, et al. (1999). Maturation and reproduction of northern flying squirrels in Pacific Northwest forests. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-444. Portland, OR: 59.
Vos, C. C., J. Verboom, et al. (2001). "Toward ecologially scaled landscape indices." The American Naturalist 183(1): 24-41.
Wallinger, R.S. (2003). "SFI: Sustainable Forestry Initiative Program." Journal of Forestry 101(8): 9-19
Wei, Y. and H. M. Hoganson (2006). "Spatial information for scheduling core area production in forest planning." Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 36(1): 23-33.
Weintraub, A., F. Barahona, R. Epstein (1994) “A column generation algorithm for solving general forest planning problems with adjacency constraints.” Forest Science 40(1): 142-161
Weintraub, A., R. L. Church, A. T. Murray, M. Guignard. (2000) “Forest management models and combinatorial algorithms: analysis of state of the art.” Annals of Operations Research 96(1-4) 271-285.
Weintraub, A. and A. T. Murray (2006). "Review of combinatorial problems induced by spatial forest harvesting planning." Discrete Applied Mathematics 154(5): 867-879.
Welsh, H. H., J. R. Dunk, et al. (2006). "Developing and applying habitat models using forest inventory data: An example using a terrestrial salamander." Journal of Wildlife Management 70(3): 671-681.
Wigley, T. B. and T. H. Roberts (1997). "Landscape-level effects of forest management on faunal diversity in bottomland hardwoods." Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 141-154.
Williams J.C. (1998). “Delineating protected wildlife corridors with multi-objective programming.” Environmental Modeling and Assessment 3(1-2): 77-86.
Wilson, D. E., F. R. Cole, et al., Eds. (1996). Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for mammals. Biological diversity handbook series. Washington D.C., Smithonian Institute Press.
Winter, M., D. H. Johnson, et al. (2006). "Patch size and landscape effects on density and nesting success of grassland birds." Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 158-172.
With, K. A. and A. W. King (1999). "Extinction thresholds for species in fractal landscapes." Conservation Biology 13(2): 314-326.
Yoshimoto, A., J. D. Brodie, et al. (1994). "A New Heuristic To Solve Spatially Constrained Long-Term Harvest Scheduling Problems." Forest Science 40(3): 365-396.
Zheng, D. L. and J. Q. Chen (2000). "Edge effects in fragmented landscapes: a generic model for delineating area of edge influences (D-AEI)." Ecological Modelling 132(3): 175-190.
Zielinski, W. J., R. L. Truex, et al. (2006). "Using forest inventory data to assess fisher resting habitat suitability in California." Ecological Applications 16(3): 1010-1025.
4. Old-forest characteristics
Baker, P.J., and J.S. Wilson. (2000). "A quantitative technique for the identification of canopy stratification in tropical and temperate forests". Forest Ecology and Management 127:77-86.
Carey, A.B., B.R. Lippke, J. Sessions. (1999). "Intentional Systems Management: Managing Forests for Biodiversity". Journal of Sustainable Forestry 9(3/4):83-125.
Carey, A.B., C.E. Eliot, B.R. Lippke, J. Sessions, C.J. Chambers, C.D. Oliver, J.F. Franklin, and M.G. Raphael. (1996). Washington Forest Landscape Management Project – A Pragmatic, Ecological Approach to Small Landscape Management. Report No. 2 USDA Forest Service, Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife and Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. 99pp.
Commission on Old Growth Alternatives for Washington’s Forest Trust Lands. (1989). Final Report submitted to the Commissioner of Public Lands. Olympia, Washington. 40pp. plus appendices.
Crookston, N.L., & Stage, A.R. (1999). Percent canopy cover and stand structure statistics from the forest vegetation simulator. General Technical Report 24. Ft. Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station. 11pp.
D'Amato, A.W., Orwig, D.A., Foster, D.R., (2008). "The influence of successional processes and disturbance on the structure of Tsuga canadensis forests". Ecological Applications 18, 1182-1199.
DNR. (2005). Definition and Inventory of Old Growth Forests on DNR-Managed State Lands. Olympia, Washington. 21pp. plus appendices.
DNR. (1997). Final Habitat Conservation Plan. Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Olympia, Washington. 223pp. plus appendices.
Esseen, P.A., Renhorn, K.E., Pettersson, R.B. (1996). "Epiphytic lichen biomass in managed and old-growth boreal forests: effect of branch quality". Ecological Applications 6, 228-238.
Everett, R., D. Baumgartner, P. Ohlson and R. Schellhaas. (2008). "Structural classes and age structure in 1860 and 1940 reconstructed fir-pine stands of eastern Washington". Western North American Naturalist. 68 (3): 278-290.
Everett, R., D. Baumgartner, P. Ohlson, R. Schellhaas and R. Harrod. (2007). "Development of current stand structure in dry fir-pine forests of eastern Washington". J. Torrey Botanical Society. 134 (2): 199-214.
Gehringer, K. R. (2006)." Structure-based nonparametric target definition and assessment procedures with an application in riparian forest management". Forest Ecology and Management 223(1-3):125-138
Franklin , J.F., T.A. Spies, R. Van Pelt. (2005). Definition and Inventory of Old Growth Forests on DNR-Managed State Lands (Section One). Report to the Washington Department of Natural Resources. Olympia, Washington. 22pp.
Franklin , J.F. and T.A. Spies. (1991). "Composition, Function, and Structure of Old-Growth Douglas-fir Forests" in General Technical Report: Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests. PNW-GTR-285. Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service.
Forsman, E.D., A.R. Giese. (1997). "Nests of Northern Spotted Owls on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington". Wilson Bulletin. 109(1):28-41.
Hanson, E., D. Hays, L. Hicks, and L. Young. (1993). Spotted owl habitat in Washington, a report to the Washington Forest Practices Board, Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia. 116pp.
Larson, A.J., Lutz, J.A., Gersonde, R.F., Franklin, J.F., Hietpas, F.F., (2008). "Potential site productivity influences the rate of forest structural development". Ecological Applications 18, 899-910.
Lippke, B.R., J. Comnick, L. Johnson. (2004). "Environmental Performance Index for the Forest". CORRIM Phase I Final Report. Module O. 13pp. www.corrim.org
Lippke, B.R., J. Sessions, A.B. Carey. (1996). Economic Analysis of Forest Landscape Management Alternatives: Final report of the working group on the economic analysis of forest landscape management alternatives for the Washington Forest Landscape Management Project. Special Paper 21, CINTRAFOR, College of Forest Resources, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA. 157pp.
McCarter, J.B. (2001). Landscape management system (LMS): background, methods, and computer tools for integrating forest inventory, GIS, growth and yield, visualization and analysis for sustaining multiple forest objectives. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 101pp. Ph.D. dissertation.
McCarter , J.B., J.S. Wilson, P.J. Baker, J.L Moffett, and C.D. Oliver. (1998). "Landscape management through integration of existing tools and emerging technologies". Journal of Forestry 96:17-23.
Nagel, T.A., Svoboda, M., (2008). "Gap disturbance regime in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest in the Dinaric Mountains, Bosnia-Herzegovina". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, 2728-2737.
Nigh, G. (1995). "The geometric mean regression line: A method for developing site index conversion equations for species in mixed stands. " Forest Science 41(1):84-98.
Oliver, C., R. Greggs, L. Hicks, S. Boyd. (1995). Forest stand structural classification system developed for the Plum Creek Cascades Habitat Conservation Plan. Technical Report No. 10. Plum Creek Timber Company, LLP. Seattle, WA. 30pp.
Oliver, C.D. and B.C. Larson. (1990). Forest Stand Dynamics. McGraw Hill, New York. 419pp.
RTI (Rural Technology Initiative). (2001). Defining and Using Biologically Based Targets in Forest Management: Incorporating Forest Structure and Variability . RTI Fact Sheet #6. Rural Technology Initiative, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. 4pp.
Zobrist, K.W., K.R. Gehringer, and B.R.Lippke. (2004). "Templates for Sustainable Riparian Management on Family Forest Ownerships", Journal of Forestry 102(7):19-25.
Zobrist, K.W., K.R. Gehringer, and B.R.Lippke (2005a). "A sustainable solution for riparian management". In Understanding Key Issues of Sustainable Wood Production in the Pacific Northwest, Deal, R.L. and S.M. White eds. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW- GTR-626:54-62.
Zobrist, K. W., T.M. Hinckley, M.G. Andreu, K.R. Gehringer, C.W. Hedman, and B.R. Lippke. (2005b). Templates for Forest Sustainability on Intensively Managed Private Forests. RTI Working Paper 5. Seattle WA: Rural Technology Initiative, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. 106pp.
Amaranthus, M. P., D. S. Parrish, et al. (1989). "Decaying logs as moisture reservoirs after drought and wildfire." Proceedings of Watershed 89: 191-194.
Anthony, R. G., E. D. Forsman, et al. (1987). "Small Mammal Populations in Riparian Zones of Different-Aged Coniferous Forests." The Murrelet 68(3): 94-102.
Beechie, T. J., L. E. Benda, et al. (1992). "Fundamental Elements of Ecologically Healthy Watersheds in the Pacific Northwest Coastal Ecoregion." Watershed management: balancing sustainability and environmental change. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York: 127-188.
Bevers, M., J. Hof, et al. (1995). "Sustainable forest management for optimizing multispecies wildlife habitat: a coastal Douglas-fir example." Natural Resource Modeling 9: 1-23.
Bormann, F. H. and G. E. Likens (1994). Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem: Disturbance, Development and the Steady State Based on the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study, Springer-Verlag.
Brown, E. R. (1985). "Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forests of Western Oregon and Washington."
Brown, G. and L. Steel (1994). "Impact of deer and elk sport hunting values on timber management regimes." Carey, AB; Elliott, C., comps. Olympia, WA: Washington Forest Landscape Management Project Report.
Brussard, P. F. (1991). "The Role of Ecology in Biological Conservation." Ecological Applications 1(1): 6-12.
Bull, E. L., A. D. Partridge, et al. (1981). "Creating snags with explosives." Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, US Forest Service. Research Note PNW-393.
Bury, R. B. (1991). Aquatic Amphibian Communities in Oregon and Washington, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Bury, R. B., P. S. Corn, et al. (1991). "Regional patterns of terrestrial amphibian communities in Oregon and Washington." Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Technical Report PNW-GTR-285. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland OR.
Carey, A. B. (1981). "Multivariate analysis of niche, habitat, and ecotope". USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-87, Washington, DC, 104-113 p.
Carey, A. B. (1983). "Cavities in trees in hardwood forests." JW Davis, GA Goodwin, and RA Oekenfels (tech. coords.). Snag Habitat Management: Proceedings of a Symposium. General Technical Report RM-99, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO: 167-184.
Carey, A. B. (1985). "A summary of the scientific basis for spotted owl management." GTR 185: 100-114 Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Carey, A. B. (1988). "The influence of small streams on the composition of upland bird communities." Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry Interactions. Institute for Forest Resources, Contribution: 153-159.
Carey, A. B. (1988). The influence of small streams on the composition of upland bird communities. Streamside management: riparian wildlife and foestry interactions. K. J. Raedeke. Seattle, WA, University of Washington: 153-162.
Carey, A. B. (1989). "Wildlife associated with old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest." Natural Areas Journal 9(3): 151-162.
Carey, A. B. (1993). "Prey ecology and Northern Spotted Owl diet." Journal of Raptor Research 27: 53-54.
Carey, A. B. (1994). A critical look at the issue of species-habitat dependency. The Annual Convention of the Society of American Foresters.
Carey, A. B. (1995). "Interactions of Pacific Northwest canopies and arboreal mammals." Northwest Science.
Carey, A. B. (1995). "Sciurids in Pacific Northwest Managed and Old-Growth Forests." Ecological Applications 5(3): 648-661.
Carey, A. B. (1998). "Ecological Foundations of Biodiversity: Lessons from Natural and Managed Forests of the Pacific Northwest." Northwest Science 72(2): 127-133.
Carey, A. B., B. L. Biswell, et al. (1991). Methods for Measuring Populations of Arboreal Rodents, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Carey, A. B. and J. D. Gill (1983). "Direct habitat improvements—some recent advances." Snag Habitat Management: Proceedings of a Symposium. General Technical Report RM-99. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO: 80–87.
Carey, A. B., M. M. Hardt, et al. (1991). "Spring bird communities in the Oregon Coast Range." Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-GTR 285: 123–142.
Carey, A. B., S. P. Horton, et al. (1992). "Northern Spotted Owls: Influence of Prey Base and Landscape Character." Ecological Monographs 62(2): 223-250.
Carey, A. B., S. P. Horton, et al. (1989). Optimal Sampling for Radiotelemetry Studies of Spotted Owl Habitat and Home Range, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Carey, A. B. and M. L. Johnson (1995). "Small Mammals in Managed, Naturally Young, and Old-Growth Forests." Ecological Applications 5(2): 336-352.
Carey, A. B., R. G. McLean, et al. (1980). "The Structure of a Colorado Tick Fever Ecosystem." Ecological Monographs 50(2): 131-151.
Carey, A. B. and S. Or Pacific Northwest Research (1991). The Biology of Arboreal Rodents in Douglas-fir Forests, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Carey, A. B. and K. C. Peeler (1995). "Spotted owls: resource and space use in mosaic landscapes." Journal of Raptor Research 29(4): 223-239.
Carey, A. B., J. A. Reid, et al. (1990). "Spotted Owl Home Range and Habitat Use in Southern Oregon Coast Ranges." The Journal of Wildlife Management 54(1): 11-17.
Carey, A. B. and H. R. Sanderson (1981). "Routing to Accelerate Tree-Cavity Formation." Wildlife Society Bulletin 9(1): 14-21.
Carey, A. B., D. R. Thysell, et al. (1996). "Foundations of biodiversity in managed Douglas-fir forests." The Role of Restoration in Ecosystem Management: 68–82.
Carey, A. B., T. M. Wilson, et al. (1997). "Dens of Northern Flying Squirrels in the Pacific Northwest." The Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 684-699.
Cederholm, C. J. (1994). "A suggested landscape approach for salmon and wildlife habitat protection in western Washington riparian ecosystems." AB Carey and C. Elliott: 78-90.
Cederholm, C. J. and L. M. Reid (1987). "Impact of forest management on coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) populations of the Clearwater River, Washington: a project summary." Streamside Management: Forestry and Fishery Interactions: 373-398.
Chambers, C. J., Jr (1977). Chamber's principles of harvest regulation. DNR Note 19. Olympia, WA, Washington Department of Natural Resources: 9.
Chambers, C. J., Jr (1982). Biological implications of departure on Pacific Northwest forests sustained yield, Spokane, WA, Washington State University Cooperative Extension.
Chen, J., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1992). "Vegetation Responses to Edge Environments in Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests." Ecological Applications 2(4): 387-396.
Clark, D. L. and M. V. Wilson (1994). "Heat-treatment effects on seed bank species of an old-growth Douglas-fir forest." Northwest Science 68(1): 1-5.
Cole, E. C., W. C. McComb, et al. (1997). "Response of Amphibians to Clearcutting, Burning, and Glyphosate Application in the Oregon Coast Range." The Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 656-664.
Curtis, R. O. (1992). "A new look at an old question—Douglas-fir culmination age." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 7(4): 97-99.
Curtis, R. O. and D. D. Marshall (1993). "Douglas-fir rotations—time for reappraisal." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 8(3): 81-85.
Curtis, R. O. and S. Or Pacific Northwest Research (1995). Extended Rotations and Culmination Age of Coast Douglas-fir Old Studies Speak to Current Issues, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
DeBell, D. S. and R. O. Curtis (1993). "Silviculture and New Forestry in the Pacific Northwest." Journal of Forestry 91(12): 25-30.
Dickson, J. G. (1979). The Role of Insectivorous Birds in Forest Ecosystems, Academic Press.
Doyle, A. T. (1990). "Use of Riparian and Upland Habitats by Small Mammals." Journal of Mammalogy 71(1): 14-23.
Ehrlich, P. R. and G. C. Daily (1993). "Science and the management of natural resources." Ecological Applications 3(4): 558-560.
Ehrlich, P. R., D. S. Dobkin, et al. (1988). Birder's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds, Simon and Schuster Inc.
Erman, D. C., J. D. Newbold, et al. (1977). "Evaluation of streamside buffer strips for protecting aquatic organisms". Technical completion report, contribution # 165, California Water Resources Center, University of California, Davis.
Fogel, R. (1975). Insect mycophagy: preliminary biblography. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-36. F. E. M. A. T. (FEMAT), United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Forsman, E. D. and E. C. Meslow (1985). "Old-growth forest retention for spotted owls--how much do they need?" General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Forest Range Experiment Station.: 58-59.
Forsman, E. D., E. C. Meslow, et al. (1984). Distribution and Biology of the Spotted Owl in Oregon, Wildlife Society.
Forsman, E. D., I. Otto, et al. (1991). "Diet of spotted owls on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington and the Roseburg District of the Bureau of Land Management." Ruggiero, Leonard, F.; Aubry, Keith, A.; Carey, Andrew, B.; Huff, Mark H., technichal coordinators. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-285. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service 527.
Franklin, J. E., F. Hall, et al. (1986). "Old growth definition task group report: interim definitions for old-growth Douglas-Fir and Mixed-Conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest and California." USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Note PNW 447.
Franklin, J. F. (1989). "Toward a new forestry." American Forests 95(11/12): 37-44.
Franklin, J. F. (1993). "Lessons from Old-Growth: Fueling Controversy and Providing Direction." Journal of Forestry 91(12): 10-13.
Franklin, J. F. (1993). "Preserving Biodiversity: Species, Ecosystems, or Landscapes?" Ecological Applications 3(2): 202-205.
Franklin, J. F. and C. T. Dyrness (1988). Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington, Oregon State University Press.
Franklin, J. F., O. P. N. Forest, et al. (1981). Ecological Characteristics of Old-growth Douglas-fir Forests, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Franklin, J. F. and R. T. T. Forman (1987). "Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: Ecological consequences and principles." Landscape Ecology 1(1): 5-18.
Gunther, P. M., B. S. Horn, et al. (1983). "Small mammal populations and food selection in relation to timber harvest practices in the western Cascade Mountains." Northwest Science 57(1): 32-44.
Gutierrez, R. J. and A. B. Carey (1985). "Ecology and Management of the Spotted Owl in the Pacific Northwest." US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-185.
Halpern, C. B. and T. A. Spies (1995). "Plant Species Diversity in Natural and Managed Forests of the Pacific Northwest." Ecological Applications 5(4): 913-934.
Hanley, T. A. and J. D. McKendrick (1985). "Potential Nutritional Limitations for Black-Tailed Deer in a Spruce-Hemlock Forest, Southeastern Alaska." The Journal of Wildlife Management 49(1): 103-114.
Hansen, A. J., S. L. Garman, et al. (1993). "An Approach for Managing Vertebrate Diversity Across Multiple-Use Landscapes." Ecological Applications 3(3): 481-496.
Hansen, A. J., T. A. Spies, et al. (1991). "Conserving Biodiversity in Managed Forests." BioScience 41(6): 382-392.
Happe, P. J., K. J. Jenkins, et al. (1990). "Nutritional Quality and Tannin Astringency of Browse in Clear-Cuts and Old-Growth Forests." The Journal of Wildlife Management 54(4): 557-566.
Harmon, M. E., J. F. Franklin, et al. (1986). "Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems." Advances in Ecological Research 15: 133-302.
Harris, L. D. (1984). The Fragmented Forest: Island Biogeography Theory and the Preservation of Biotic Diversity, University of Chicago Press.
Haskell, E. F. (1940). "Mathematical Systematization of" Environment,"" Organism" and" Habitat"." Ecology 21(1): 1-16.
Hawkins, C. P., M. L. Murphy, et al. (1983). "Density of fish and salamanders in relation to riparian canopy and physical habitat in streams of the northwestern United States." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40(8): 1173-1185.
Hayward, G. D. and R. Rosentreter (1994). "Lichens as Nesting Material for Northern Flying Squirrels in the Northern Rocky Mountains." Journal of Mammalogy 75(3): 663-673.
Henderson, J. A. (1994). "The ecological consequences of long-rotation forestry." High quality forestry workshop: the idea of long rotations, JF Weigand, RW Haynes, and JL Mikowshi. University of Washington Center for International Trade in Forest Products, Seattle, WA: 4-26.
Henderson, J. A., P. N. Region, et al. (1989). Forested Plant Associations of the Olympic National Forest, USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region.
Hof, J. G. and M. G. Raphael (1993). "Some mathematical programming approaches for optimizing timber age-class distributions to meet multispecies wildlife population objectives." Can. J. For. Res./Rev. can. rech. for 23(5): 828-834.
Holthausen, R. S. and S. Or Pacific Northwest Research (1995). The Contribution of Federal and Non-federal Habitat to Persistence of the Northern Spotted Owl on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Report of the Reanalysis Team, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Hopwood, D. (1991). "Principles and Practices of New Forestry." A guide for British Columbians. BC Min. of For. Land Management Report: 95.
Huff, M. H., J. K. Agee, et al. (1984). "Postfire succession of avifauna in the Olympic Mountains, Washington." Lotan, James E.; Brown, James K., comps. Fire’s effects on wildlife habitat—symposium proceedings: 8-15.
Huff, M. H. and C. M. Raley (1991). "Regional patterns of diurnal breeding bird communities in Oregon and Washington." Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Edited by LF Ruggiero, KB Aubry, AB Carey, and MH Huff. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-285: 177–205.
Hunter, M. L. (1990). Wildlife, forests, and forestry: principles of managing forests for biological diversity, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (EUA). Prentice Hall Career & Technology.
Hutchinson, G. E. (1978). An Introduction to Population Ecology, Yale University, New Haven. GB.
Jenkins, K. J. and E. E. Starkey (1984). "Habitat Use by Roosevelt Elk in Unmanaged Forests of the Hoh Valley, Washington." The Journal of Wildlife Management 48(2): 642-646.
Karr, J. R. (1991). "Biological Integrity: A Long-Neglected Aspect of Water Resource Management." Ecological Applications 1(1): 66-84.
Lee, K. N. (1993). "Compass and Gyroscope Integrating Science and Polities for the Environment." Washington DC.
Lee, K. N. (1993). "Greed, scale mismatch, and learning." Ecological Applications 3(4): 560-564.
Leonard, W. P. and S. Seattle Audubon (1993). Amphibians of Washington and Oregon, Seattle Audubon Society.
Leslie Jr, D. M., E. E. Starkey, et al. (1984). "Elk and Deer Diets in Old-Growth Forests in Western Washington." The Journal of Wildlife Management 48(3): 762-775.
Li, C. Y., C. Maser, et al. (1986). "Role of three rodents in forest nitrogen fixation in western Oregon: another aspect of mammal-mycorrhizal fungus-tree mutualism." Great Basin Naturalist 46(3): 411-414.
Lippke, B. and C. D. Oliver (1993). "Managing for Multiple Values: A Proposal for the Pacific Northwest." Journal of Forestry 91(12): 14-18.
Lippke, B. R., J. Sessions, et al. (1996). Economic Analysis of Forest Landscape Management Alternatives, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: Washington State, Dept. of Natural Resources.
Ludwig, D. (1993). "Environmental sustainability: Magic, science, and religion in natural resource management." Ecological Applications 3(4): 555-558.
Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn, et al. (1993). "Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: lessons from history." Science 260(5104): 17-36.
Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani (1991). "Nesting habitat and abundance of snag-dependent birds in the southern Washington Cascade Range." Ruggerio, Leonard F.; Aubry, Keith B.; Carey, Andrew B.; Huff, Mark H., technical coordinators. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-285. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service: 221-240.
Manuwal, D. A. (1991). "Spring bird communities in the southern Washington Cascade Range." LF Ruggiero, KB Aubry, AB Carey, and MH Huff, technical coordinators. Wildlife and Vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285, Portland, Oregon: 161-174.
Manuwal, D. A. and M. H. Huff (1987). "Spring and Winter Bird Populations in a Douglas-Fir Forest Sere." The Journal of Wildlife Management 51(3): 586-595.
Maser, C., J. M. Trappe, et al. (1978). "Fungal-Small Mammal Interrelationships with Emphasis on Oregon Coniferous Forests." Ecology 59(4): 799-809.
McIntire, P. W. and A. B. Carey (1989). A Microhistological Technique for Analysis of Food Habits of Mycophagous Rodents, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Miller, R. E., D. Roger, et al. (1979). Fertilizing Douglas-fir Forests, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expriment Station, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Mills, L. S., R. J. Fredrickson, et al. (1993). "Characteristics of Old-Growth Forests Associated with Northern Spotted Owls in Olympic National Park." The Journal of Wildlife Management 57(2): 315-321.
Molina, R. and J. M. Trappe (1982). "Patterns of EcWmycorrhizal Host Specificity and Potential Among Pacific Northwest Conifers and Fungi." Forest Science 28(3): 423-458.
Naiman, R. J. (1992). Watershed management: balancing sustainability and environmental change: with 115 illustrations, Springer.
Neitro, W. A., V. W. Binkley, et al. (1985). "Snags (wildlife trees)." Management of wildlife and fish habitats in forests of western Oregon and Washington. Part 1: 192-1985.
North, M. (1993). Stand structure and truffle abundance associated with northern spotted owl habitat, University of Washington.
Noss, R. F. (1990). "Indicators for Monitoring Biodiversity: A Hierarchical Approach." Conservation Biology 4(4): 355-364.
Nussbaum, R. A., R. M. Storm, et al. (1983). Amphibians and Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest, University Press of Idaho.
Nyland, R.D., 2002. Silviculture: concepts and applications (2nd edition). Waveland Press, Inc. Long Grove, Illinois.
O'Neill, R. V. (1986). A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems.(MPB-23), Princeton University Press.
Oakley, A. L., J. A. Collins, et al. (1985). "Riparian zones and freshwater wetlands." Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forests of Western Oregon and Washington: 192-1985.
Odum, E. P. (1963). Ecology. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Odum, E. P. (1971). "Fundamentals of Ecology [M]." Philadelphia: Saunders.
Oliver, C. D. (1981). "Forest Development in North America Following Major Disturbances." Forest Ecology and Management 3(3): 153-168.
Oliver, C. D. and B. C. Larson (1996). "Forest Stand Dynamics." New York.
Overton, W. S. and L. M. Hunt (1974). "A view of current forest policy, with questions regarding the future state of forests and criteria of management." Transactions, 39th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute: 334-353.
Perry, D. A., R. Molina, et al. (1987). "Mycorrhizae, mycorrhizospheres, and reforestation: current knowledge and research needs." Can. J. For. Res./Rev. can. rech. for 17(8): 929-940.
Peters, R. H. (1988). "Some General Problems for Ecology Illustrated by Food Web Theory." Ecology 69(6): 1673-1676.
Petranka, J. W. (1994). "Response to Impact of Timber Harvesting on Salamanders." Conservation Biology 8(1): 302-304.
Raedeke, K. J., R. College of Forest, et al. (1988). Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry Interactions, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington: University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources.
Raedeke, K. J., R. D. Taber, et al. (1988). "Ecology of large mammals in riparian systems of Pacific Northwest forests." Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry Interactions. Institute of Forest Resources, Contribution: 113-132.
Ralph, C. J., G. L. Hunt Jr, et al. (1995). "Ecology and conservation of the Marbled Murrelet in North America: an overview." Ralph, CJ; Hunt, GL, Jr.; Raphael, MG; Piatt, JF, comps., eds. Ecology and Conservation of the Marbled Murrelet. Albany, CA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station; Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-152: 3-22.
Raphael, M. G., K. V. Rosenberg, et al. (1988). "Large-scale changes in bird populations of Douglas-fir forests, northwestern California." Bird Conservations ed. Jerome Jackson:63-71. International Council for Bird Preservation. University of Wisconsin Press.
Reeves, G. H. (1994). "Determining timber harvest impacts on fish." Washington forest landscape management project-progress report. Rep: 74-75.
Reeves, G. H., L. E. Benda, et al. (1995). "A disturbance-based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest." American Fisheries Society Symposium 17: 334-349.
Reid, W. V. and K. R. Miller (1989). "Keeping options alive: the scientific basis for conserving biodiversity." Washington DC.
Ruggiero, L. F., K. B. Aubry, et al. (1991). Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Ruth, R. H., R. A. Yoder, et al. (1953). Reducing Wind Damage in the Forests of the Oregon Coast Range, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Schowalter, T. D., B. A. Caldwell, et al. (1992). "Decomposition of fallen trees: effects of initial conditions and heterotroph colonization rates." Tropical ecosystems: ecology and management. Edited by KP Singh and JS Singh. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, India: 373–383.
Seagle, S. W., R. A. Lancia, et al. (1987). "Integrating timber and red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management." Transactions of the North American Wildlife Natural Resource Conference 52: 41-52.
Smith, C. C. (1970). "The Coevolution of Pine Squirrels (Tamiasciurus) and Conifers." Ecological Monographs 40(3): 349-371.
Smith, J. E., R. Molina, et al. (1995). "Occurrence of Ectomycorrhizas on Ericaceous and Coniferous Seedlings Grown in Soils from the Oregon Coast Range." New Phytologist 129(1): 73-81.
Smith, R. L. (1980). Ecology and field biology. Harper Collins 655 pages. New York.
Soukhanov, A. H. (1992). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.
Squire, R. O. (1990). Report on the progress of the Silvicultural Systems Project–July 1986-June1989. Victoria, Department of Conservation and Environment: 85.
Swanson, F. J. and J. F. Franklin (1992). "New Forestry Principles from Ecosystem Analysis of Pacific Northwest Forests." Ecological Applications 2(3): 262-274.
Thomas, J. W. and I. S. Committee (1990). A Conservation Strategy for the Northern Spotted Owl. Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office Publication.
Turner, M. G. (1989). "Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20(1): 171-197.
Wallin, D. O., F. J. Swanson, et al. (1994). "Landscape Pattern Response to Changes in Pattern Generation Rules: Land-Use Legacies in Forestry." Ecological Applications 4(3): 569-580.
Wells-Gosling, N. and L. R. Heaney (1984). "Glaucomys sabrinus." Mammalian Species(229): 1-8.
Whittaker, R. H. (1960). "Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California." Ecological Monographs 30(3): 279-338.
Whittaker, R. H. (1969). "Evolution of diversity in plant communities." Brookhaven Symp Biol 22: 178-96.
Whittaker, R. H., S. A. Levin, et al. (1973). "Niche, Habitat, and Ecotope." The American Naturalist 107(955): 321-338.
Zarnowitz, J. E. and D. A. Manuwal (1985). "The Effects of Forest Management on Cavity-Nesting Birds in Northwestern Washington." The Journal of Wildlife Management 49(1): 255-263.
|